REFERENCES
EXAMINING ASSAULTS BY WOMEN
ON
THEIR SPOUSES OR MALE PARTNERS:
AN
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Martin
S. Fiebert
Department
of Psychology
California
State University, Long Beach
Last
updated: May 2011
SUMMARY: This bibliography
examines 282 scholarly investigations:
218 empirical studies and 64 reviews and/or analyses, which
demonstrate
that
women are as physically aggressive, or more aggressive,
than
men in their relationships with their spouses or male partners.
The
aggregate sample size in the reviewed studies exceeds 369,800.
Ackard, D. M., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2002). Date violence
and date rape among adolescents: associations with disordered eating
behaviors and psychological health. Child Abuse & Neglect,
26, 455-473. (A Minnesota statewide school sample of 81,247
students <40,301 boys, 40,946 girls> in the 9th and 12th grade
responded to the question of whether they ever experienced date related
violence. Over 90% of students reported never experiencing dating
violence. In terms of grades, 3.3% of 9th grade girls and 2.8% of
9th grade boys reported experiencing violence, while 5.5% of 12th grade
girls and 2.3% of 12th grade boys reported experiencing violence. In
terms of ethnicity, American Indian boys <7.1%> and African
American boys <7.2%> reported experiencing higher rates of dating
violence than American Indian girls <6.8%> and African American
girls <3.6%>).
Aizenman,
M., & Kelley, G. (1988). The incidence of violence and
acquaintance
rape in dating relationships among college men and women. Journal
of College Student Development, 29, 305-311. (A sample of
actively
dating college students <204 women and 140 men> responded to a
survey
examining courtship violence. Authors report that there were no
significant
differences between the sexes in self reported perpetration of physical
abuse.)
Allen-Collinson,
J. (2009). A marked man: Female perpetrated intimate partner
abuse. International Journal of Men's Health, 8, (1),
22-40. (A case study of an abused heterosexual man. Article
examines themes obtained from interviews and personal diary material.)
Amendt, G.
(2008). I didn’t divorce my kids!: How fathers deal with family
break-ups. Campus Verlag Publishers. (In Chapter 5 author
presents data from an internet survey of 3600 divorced German
fathers. Results reveal that 1/3 of men reported episodes of
physical violence during the divorce process and 2/3 of these were
initiated by ex-partners.)
Anderson, K. L.
(2002). Perpetrator or victim? Relationships between
intimate partner violence and well-being. Journal of Marriage and
Family, 64, 851-863. (Data consisted of 7,395 married and
cohabiting heterosexual couples drawn from wave 1 of the National
Survey of Families and Households <NSFH-1>. In terms of
measures: subjects were asked "how many arguments during the past year
resulted in 'you hitting, shoving or throwing things at a
partner.' They were also asked how many arguments ended with
their partner, 'hitting, shoving or throwing things at you.'"
Author reports that, "victimization rates are slightly higher among men
than women <9% vs 7%> and in cases that involve perpetration by
only one partner, more women than men were identified as perpetrators
<2% vs 1%>.")
Archer,
J. (2000). Sex differences in aggression between heterosexual
partners:
A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 651-680.
(Meta-analyses
of sex differences in physical aggression indicate that women were more
likely than men to “use one or more acts of physical aggression and to
use such acts more frequently.” In terms of injuries, women were
somewhat more likely to be injured, and analyses reveal that 62%
of those injured were women.)
Archer,
J. (2002). Sex differences in physically aggressive acts between
heterosexual partners: A meta-analytic review. Aggression and
Violent
Behavior, 7, 213-351. (Analyzing responses to the Conflict Tactic
Scale and using a data set somewhat different from the previous 2000
publication,
the author reports that women are more likely than men to throw
something
at their partners, as well as slap, kick, bite, punch and hit with an
object. Men were more likely than women to strangle, choke, or beat up
their
partners.)
Archer, J. (2006). Cross
cultural differences in physical
aggression between partners: A social-role analysis. Personality
& Social Psychology Review, 10, 133-153. (A review article
which suggests that "women's empowerment is associated with lower
victimization rates from their partners." Greater individualism
and empowerment by women, however, are also associated with higher
perpetration rates.)
Archer,
J., & Ray, N. (1989). Dating violence in the United Kingdom:
a preliminary study. Aggressive Behavior, 15, 337-343. (Twenty
three
dating couples completed the Conflict Tactics scale. Results
indicate
that women were significantly more likely than their male partners to
express
physical violence. Authors also report that, "measures of partner
agreement were high" and that the correlation between past and present
violence was low.)
Arias, I., Samios, M., & O'Leary,
K. D. (1987). Prevalence
and
correlates of physical aggression during courtship. Journal of
Interpersonal
Violence, 2, 82-90. (Used Conflict Tactics Scale with a sample of 270
undergraduates
<95 men, 175 women> and found 30% of men and 49% of women
reported using
some form of aggression in their dating histories with a greater
percentage of women engaging in severe physical aggression.)
Arias,
I., & Johnson, P. (1989). Evaluations of physical
aggression
among intimate dyads. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4,
298-307.
(Used Conflict Tactics Scale-CTS- with a sample of 103 male and 99
female
undergraduates. Both men and women had similar experience with dating
violence,
19% of women and 18% of men admitted being physically aggressive. A
significantly greater percentage of women thought self-defense was a
legitimate reason for men to be aggressive, while a greater
percentage
of men thought slapping was a legitimate response for a man or woman if
their partner was sexually unfaithful.)
Arriaga,
X. B., & Foshee, V. A. (2004). Adolescent dating
violence. Do adolescents follow in their friends' or their parents'
footsteps?
Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19, 162-184. (A modified
version
of Conflict Tactics Scale was administered on two occasions, 6 months
apart,
to 526 adolescents, <280 girls, 246 boys> whose median age was
13. Results reveal that 28% of girls reported perpetrating violence
with
their
partners <17% moderate, 11% severe> on occasion one, while 42% of
girls
reported perpetrating violence <25% moderate, 17% severe> on
occasion
two. For boys, 11% reported perpetrating violence <6%
moderate,
5% severe> on occasion one, while 21% reported perpetrating violence
<6%
moderate, 15% severe> on occasion two. In terms of
victimization,
33% of girls, and 38% of boys reported being victims of partner
aggression
on occasion one and 47% of girls and 49% of boys reported victimization
on occasion two.
Basile,
S. (2004). Comparison of abuse by same and opposite-gender
litigants
as cited in requests for abuse prevention orders. Journal of
Family
Violence, 19, 59-68. (Author examined court documents in
Massachusetts
for the year 1997 and found that, "male and female defendants, who were
the subject of a complaint in domestic relations cases, while sometimes
exhibiting different aggressive tendencies, measured almost equally
abusive
in terms of the overall level of psychological and physical aggression.)
Bernard,
M. L., & Bernard, J. L. (1983). Violent intimacy: The family
as a model for love relationships. Family Relations, 32,
283-286. (Surveyed 461 college students, 168 men, 293 women, with
regard to
dating
violence. Found that 15% of the men admitted to physically
abusing
their partners, while 21% of women admitted to physically abusing their
partners.)
Billingham, R. E., Bland, R., & Leary,
A. (1999). Dating Violence at three time periods: 1976, 1992,
1996. Psychological Reports, 85, 574-578. (Data was
collected from college students in 1986 <401 women, 202 men>,
1992 <210 women, 204 men> and 1996 <342 women, 229
men>. Subjects completed the CTS and results reveal a
significant decrease in partner violence over a 10 year period.
However, in terms of subjects' self reported violence and report of
partner violence, women were consistently more aggressive than men.)
Billingham,
R. E., & Sack, A. R. (1986). Courtship violence and the
interactive
status of the relationship. Journal of Adolescent Research, 1,
315-325. (Using CTS with 526 university students <167 men, 359
women> found
Similar rates of mutual violence but with women reporting higher rates
of violence initiation when partner had not--9% vs 3%.)
Bland,
R., & Orne, H. (1986). Family violence and psychiatric
disorder. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 31, 129-137. (In interviews
with 1,200
randomly selected Canadians <489 men, 711 women> found that women
both
engaged in and initiated violence at higher rates than their male
partners.)
Bohannon,
J. R., Dosser Jr., D. A., & Lindley, S. E. (1995). Using couple
data
to determine domestic violence rates: An attempt to replicate previous
work. Violence and Victims, 10, 133-41. (Authors report that in a
sample of 94 military couples 11% of wives and 7% of husbands were
physically
aggressive, as reported by the wives.)
Bookwala,
J. (2002). The role of own and perceived partner attachment in
relationship
aggression. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17, 84-100. (In a sample
of 161 undergraduates, 34.3% of women <n=35> reported being
victims
of partner aggression compared to 55.9% <n=33> of men.)
Bookwala,
J., Frieze, I. H., Smith, C., & Ryan, K. (1992). Predictors of
dating
violence: A multi variate analysis. Violence and Victims, 7,
297-311. (Used CTS with 305 college students <227 women, 78 men>
and found
that
133 women and 43 men experienced violence in a current or recent dating
relationship. Authors reports that "women reported the expression
of as much or more violence in their relationships as men." While
most violence in relationships appears to be mutual--36% reported by
women,
38% by men-- women report initiating violence with non violent partners
more frequently than men <22% vs 17%>).
Brinkerhoff,
M., & Lupri, E. (1988). Interspousal violence. Canadian
Journal
of Sociology, 13, 407-434. (Examined Interspousal violence in a
representative
sample of 562 couples in Calgary, Canada. Used Conflict Tactics Scale
and
found twice as much wife-to-husband as husband-to-wife severe violence
<10.7% vs 4.8%>. The overall violence rate for husbands was
10.3%
while the overall violence rate for wives was 13.2%. Violence was
significantly
higher in younger and childless couples. Results suggest that male
violence
decreased with higher educational attainment, while female violence
increased.)
Brown,
G. (2004). Gender as a factor in the response of the
law-enforcement
system to violence against partners. Sexuality and Culture, 8,
(3-4),
3-139. (Summarizes partner violence data from the 1999 Canadian
General
Social Survey <GSS>. The GSS is based on a representative
sample
of 25,876 persons. Overall in the 12-month period preceding the
survey,
an estimated 3% Canadian women and 2% of Canadian men reported
experiencing
violence from their partners. During the 5 year period from
1995-1999,
an estimated 8% of Canadian women and 7% of Canadian men reported
violence
from their partners. Reviewed police and legal responses to
partner
violence in Edmonton, Canada and concludes that ". . . men who are
involved
in disputes with their partners, whether as alleged victims or as
alleged
offenders or both, are disadvantaged and treated less favorably than
women
by the law-enforcement system at almost every step.")
Brush,
L. D. (1990). Violent Acts and injurious outcomes in married couples:
Methodological
issues in the National Survey of Families and Households. Gender
& Society, 4, 56-67. (Used the Conflict Tactics scale in a large
national
survey, n=5,474, and found that women engage in same amount of spousal
violence as men.)
Brutz,
J., & Ingoldsby, B. B. (1984). Conflict resolution in Quaker
families. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46, 21-26. (Used Conflict
Tactics
Scale with a sample of 288 Quakers <130 men, 158 women> and found
a
slightly higher rate of female to male violence <15.2%> than male
to
female violence <14.6%>.)
Burke,
P. J., Stets, J. E., & Pirog-Good, M. A. (1988). Gender
identity,
self-esteem, and physical and sexual abuse in dating
relationships. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51, 272-285. (A sample of
505
college
students <298 women, 207 men> completed the CTS. Authors
reports
that they found "no significant difference between men and women in
reporting
inflicting or sustaining physical abuse." Specifically, within a
one year period they found that 14% of the men and 18% of the women
reported
inflicting physical abuse, while 10% of the men and 14% of the women
reported
sustaining physical abuse.)
Caetano,
R.,
Schafter, J., Field, C., & Nelson, S. M. (2002). Agreement on
reports of intimate partner violence among white, Black, and Hispanic
couples
in the United States. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17,
1308-1322. (A probability sample of 1635 couples was interviewed and
assessed with
the CTS. Agreement concerning intimate partner violence was about
40%, with no differences reported across ethnicities. Women
significantly
reported perpetrating more partner violence than men in all three
ethnic
groups.)
Callahan,
M. R., Tolman, R. M., & Saunders, D. G. (2003). Adolescent
dating
violence victimization and psychological well-being. Journal of
Adolescent
Research, 18(6), 664-681. (Subjects were 190 high school students
<53% male; 47% female; approximately 50% African-American> who
completed
a modified version of the CTS2. In terms of injuries, 22% of
girls
and 17% of boys reported being injured by their dating partners. Note
this difference was nonsignificant.)
Capaldi,
D. M. & Crosby, L. (1997). Observed and reported
psychological
and physical aggression in young, at-risk couples. Social
Development,
6, 184-206. (A sample of 118 young men and their dating partners
were surveyed regarding their own physical aggression as well as that
of
their partners. Findings reveal that 31% of men and 36% of women
engaged "in an act of physical aggression against their current
partner.")
Capaldi,
D. M, Kim, H. K., & Shortt, J. W. (2004). Women's involvement
in aggression in young adult romantic relationships. In M.
Putallaz
and K. L. Bierman (Eds.). Aggression, Antisocial Behavior, and
Violence
Among Girls (pp. 223-241). New York: Guildford Press. (A
review
chapter which reports on data obtained from Oregon Youth Study and
Couples
Study. Authors conclude that "Young women were observed to
initiate
physical aggression toward their partners more frequently than were the
young men." And "the relative prevalence of frequent physical
aggression
by women and of injury and fear for men was surprisingly high.")
Capaldi, D.
M., Kim, H. K., & Shortt, J. W. (2007). Observed initiation
and reciprocity of physical aggression in young at-risk couples.
Journal of Family Violence, 22 (2) 101-111. (A longitudinal study
using subjects from the Oregon Youth and Couples Study. <see
above> Subjects were assessed 4 times across a 9 year period
from late adolescence to mid-20's. Findings reseal that young
women's rate of initiation of physical violence was "two times higher
than men's during late adolescence and young adulthood." By
mid-20's the rate of initiation was about equal. Mutual
aggression increased the likelihood of injury for both men and women.)
Capaldi,
D. M. & Owen, L. D. (2001). Physical aggression in a
community
sample of at-risk young couples: Gender comparisons for high frequency,
injury, and fear. Journal of Family Psychology, 15 (3),
425-440. Drawn from a community based at-risk sample, 159 young couples
were
assessed
with the Conflict Tactics scale and measures of self reported
injuries. Findings indicated that 9.4% of men and 13.2% of women
perpetrated
frequent
physical aggression toward their partners. Contrary to
expectations,
13% of men and 9% of women, indicated that they were physically injured
at least once. Authors report "2% of the men and none of the
women
indicate that they had been hurt by their partners between five and
nine
times."
Carlson,
B. E. (1987). Dating violence: a research review and comparison
with
spouse abuse. Social Casework, 68, 16-23. (Reviews research
on dating violence and finds that men and women are equally likely to
aggress
against their partners and that "the frequency of aggressive acts is
inversely
related to the likelihood of their causing physical injury.")
Carney,
M., Buttell, F., & Dutton, D. (2007). Women who
perpetrate
intimate partner violence: A review of the literature with
recommendations
for treatment. Aggression and Violent Behavior. (An
excellent
review of the literature on women who perpetrate violence in intimate
relationships. Also summarizes intervention programs for such women.)
Carrado,
M., George, M. J., Loxam, E., Jones, L., & Templar, D.
(1996). Aggression in British heterosexual relationships: a descriptive
analysis. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 401-415. (In a representative sample
of
British men <n=894> and women <n=971> it was found, using a
modified
version of the CTS, that 18% of the men and 13% of the women reported
being
victims of physical violence at some point in their heterosexual
relationships. With regard to current relationships, 11% of men and 5%
of women
reported
being victims of partner aggression.)
Cascardi, M., Avery-Leaf, S., O'Leary, K.
D., & Slep, A. M. S. (1999). Factor Structure and convergent
validity of the Conflict Tactics Scale in high school students.
Psychological Assessment, 11, 546-555. (A sample of 2320 high
school students <1,180 males, 1,140 females> from seven high
schools in Long Island, New York were assessed with a modified
CTS. A significantly greater number of women <37.8%>
compared to <22.5%> men reported perpetrating physical aggression
toward their dating partners. Of specific note 18.1% of women
compared to 4.3% of men reported slapping their partners and 16.9% of
women compared to 5.5% of men reported "kicking, biting or hitting"
their partners.)
Cascardi,
M., Langhinrichsen, J., & Vivian, D. (1992). Marital
aggression:
Impact, injury, and health correlates for husbands and wives. Archives
of Internal Medicine, 152, 1178-1184. (Examined 93 couples
seeking
marital therapy. Found using the CTS and other information that 71%
reported
at least one incident of physical aggression in past year. While men
and
women were equally likely to perpetrate violence, women reported more
severe
injuries. Half of the wives and two thirds of the husbands
reported
no injuries as a result of all aggression, but wives sustained more
injuries
as a result of mild aggression.)
Caulfield,
M. B., & Riggs, D. S. (1992). The assessment of dating aggression:
Empirical evaluation of the Conflict Tactics Scale. Journal of
Interpersonal
Violence, 4, 549-558. (Used CTS with a sample of 667 unmarried college
students <268 men and 399 women> and found on a number of items
significantly
higher responses of physical violence on part of women. For
example,
19% of women slapped their male partner while 7% of men slapped their
partners,
13% of women kicked, bit, or hit their partners with a fist while only
3.1% of men engaged in this activity.)
Cercone,
J. J., Beach, S. R. H., & Arias, I. (2005). Gender Symmetry
in
Dating Intimate Partner Violence: Does Behavior Imply Similar
Constructs?
Violence and Victims, 20 (2) 207-218. (A sample of 414 college
students
<189 men, 225 women> responded to the CTS2. Results reveal
that
male and female subjects were equally likely to be perpetrators of
minor
violence in intimate dating relationships, but women were twice as
likely
as men to perpetrate severe violence <15.11% vs 7.41%>).
Chermack, St. T., Walton, M. A., Fuller, B.
E., & Blow, F. C. (2001). Correlates of expressed and
received violence across relationship types among men and women
substance abusers. Psychology of Addictive Behavior, 15,
140-151. (A sample of substance abusers <126 men, 126
women> ranging in age from 17-83 completed a modified version of the
CTS. Results reveal no differences in expressed or received
partner violence for men and women.)
Clark,
M. L., Beckett, J., Wells, M., & Dungee-Anderson, D. (1994).
Courtship Violence among African-American college students. Journal
of Black Psychology, 20 (3), 264-281. (A sample of 311
African-American
college students <76 men, 235 women> responded to the CTS.
Findings
reveal that 41% of men and 33% of women reported being physically
abused
by a dating partner.)
Claxton-Oldfield,
S. & Arsenault, J. (1999). The initiation of physically aggressive
behaviour by female university students toward their male partners:
Prevalence
and the reasons offered for such behaviors. Unpublished
manuscript. (In a sample of 168 actively dating female undergraduates
at a Canadian
university, 26% indicated that they initiated physical aggression
toward
their male partners. Most common reason for such behavior was because
partner
was not listening to them.)
Cogan,
R., & Ballinger III, B. C. (2006). Alcohol problems and the
differentiation
of partner, stranger, and general violence. Journal of
Interpersonal
Violence, 21 (7), 924-935. (A sample of 457 college men and 958
college
women completed the CTS. Results revealed that significantly more
men than women <35.4% vs 26.0%> reported being victimized by
their partners.)
Coker, A. L.,
McKeown, R. E., Sanderson, M., Davis, K. E., Valois, R. F., &
Huebner, E. S. (2000). Severe dating violence and quality of life
among South Carolina high school students. American Journal of
Preventive Medicine, 19, (4), 220-227. (A stratified sample of
5414 <2836 female, 2578 male> public high school students grades
9 through 12 responded to the South Carolina Youth Risk Behavior Survey
in 1997. Severe physical dating violence was assessed by
responses to the question of how many times during the past 12 months
were you physically beaten up by the person you date or go out
with? And how many times during the past 12 months did you beat
up the person you date or go out with? Results reveal that 8.9%
of girls reported perpetrating violence compared to 6.1% of boys. In
terms of victimization, 9.7% of girls reported being victims
compared to 5.3% of boys.)
Coney,
N. S., & Mackey, W. C. (1999). The feminization of domestic
violence
in America: The woozle effect goes beyond rhetoric. Journal of Men’s
Studies,
8 (1), 45-58. (Authors review the domestic violence
literature
and report that while society in general as well as the media portray
women
as “recipients of domestic violence...epidemiological surveys on the
distribution
of violent behavior between adult partners suggest gender parity.”)
Cook,
P. W. (1997). Abused men. The hidden side of domestic
violence. Westport, CN.: Praeger. (Presents the evidence, empirical and
personal,
for male spousal victimization. Examines resistance to acceptance
of findings and offers solutions to reduce domestic violence.)
Corry,
C. E., Fiebert, M. S., & Pizzy, E. (2002). Controlling domestic
violence
against men. Available:
www.familytx.org/research/Control_DV_against_men.pdf
Earlier version presented at Sixth International Conference on Family
Violence,
San Diego, CA. (A critical examination of men as victims of partner
violence.)
Cui,
M., Lorenz, F. O., Conger, R. D., Melby, J. N., & Bryant, C. M.
(2005). Observer, Self-, and partner reports of hostile behaviors in
romantic
relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1169-1181. (Examined
a sample
of 236 young people <48% married, 52% dating; 56% women, 44% men>
who
completed questionnaires regarding their hostility toward their
partners. Findings reveal that couples living together have higher
levels of
hostility
than dating couples and that women in both conditions demonstrate
higher
levels of hostility towards their partners than men.)
Cunradi,
C. B., Caetano, R., Clark, C. L., & Schafer, J. (1999).
Alcohol-related
problems and intimate partner violence among white, Black, and Hispanic
couples in the U.S. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental
Research,
23, 1492-1501. (A probability sample of 1440 couples <565
white,
358 Black, 527 Hispanic> was obtained from the 1995 National Alcohol
Survey. Subjects completed the Conflict Tactics Scale. Ethnicity
results
reveal that overall rates of partner aggression were similar for whites
and Hispanic while Black rates were significantly higher. In
terms
of gender, white men and women had similar rates of partner aggression,
Hispanic women were somewhat more aggressive than Hispanic men and
Black
men were more aggressive than Black women. Alcohol related
problems
were a predictor of intimate partner violence in Black couples.)
Davis. R. L.
(2010). Domestic Violence-related deaths. Journal of
Aggression, Conflict, and Peace Research, 2 (2), 44-52. (A review
article which examines domestic violence-related suicides. Author
concludes that "when domestic violence-related suicides are combined
with domestic homicides, the total numbers of domestic violence-related
deaths are higher for males than females.")
Deal,
J. E., & Wampler, K. S. (1986). Dating violence: The primacy
of previous experience. Journal of Social and Personal
Relationships,
3, 457-471. (Of 410 university students <295 women, 115
men> responding
to CTS and other instruments, it was revealed that 47% experienced some
violence in dating relationships. The majority of experiences were
reciprocal. When not reciprocal men were three times more likely than
women to
report
being victims. Violent experiences in previous relationships was
the best predictor of violence in current relationships.)
DeKeseredy,
W. S. & Schwartz, M. D. (1998). Woman abuse on campus. Results from
the Canadian National survey. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage. (A large sample <1,835 women; 1,307 men> of Canadian
college
students
completed the Conflict Tactics Scale. Results reveal that women
report
engaging in higher rates of violence than men. Specifically,
46.1%
of women reported engaging in some physical violence in intimate
relationship
since leaving high school. With 38% employing "minor" violence
and
19% employing "severe" violence.)
DeMaris,
A. (1992). Male versus female initiation of aggression: The case of
courtship
violence. In E. C. Viano (Ed.), Intimate violence:
interdisciplinary
perspectives. (pp. 111-120). Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis.
(Examined
a sample of 865 white and black college students with regard to the
initiation
of violence in their dating experience. Found that 218 subjects,
80 men and 138 women, had experienced or expressed violence in current
or recent dating relationships. Results indicate that "when one
partner
could be said to be the usual initiator of violence, that partner was
most
often the women. This finding was the same for both black and
white
respondents.")
Doroszewicz, K.,
& Forbes, G. B. (2008). Experiences with dating aggression
and sexual coercion among Polish college students. Journal of
Interpersonal Violence, 23, 58-73. (The CTS-2 was used to study
dating aggression in a sample <men=100, women=100> of unmarried
Polish college students. Results reveal that women were overall
significantly more aggressive than men <48% vs 35.6%>).
Dowd,
L. (2001). Female Perpetrators of Partner Aggression: Relevant
Issue
and Treatment. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 5
(2), 73-104. (A review article examining female partner
aggression
with a focus on treatment issues.)
Dutton,
D. G. (2006). Rethinking Domestic Violence. Vancouver: UBC
Press. (A thoughtful and scholarly analysis of research and
treatment
in the area of Domestic Violence. Offers much insight,
particularly
to therapists and policy makers with regard to Intimate Partner
Violence
<IPV>. Concludes that men are as likely as women to be
victims
and both suffer similar physical and psychological consequences of IPV.)
Dutton,
D. G. (2007). Female intimate partner violence and developmental
trajectories of abusive families. International Journal of Men's
Health, 6, 54-71. (A review article which concludes that female
violence
towards intimate male partners is just as severe and has similar
consequences
as male violence towards women. However, most criminal justice
interventions
and custody evaluations assume that males are more likely to be IPV
perpetrators.)
Dutton, D. G.,
Corvo, K. N., & Hamel, J. (2009). The gender paradigm
in domestic violence research and practice part II: The information
website of the American Bar Association. Aggression and Violent
Behavior, 14, 30-38. (A review article critiquing the American
Bar Association's attempt to correct myths about domestic
violence. Specifically authors state," ... female IPV is more
commonplace than male IPV.")
Dutton,
D. G. & Nicholls, T. L. (2005). The gender paradigm in
domestic
violence research and theory: the conflict of theory and data.
Aggression
and Violent Behavior, 10, 680-714. (A review and analysis of the
data regarding male victimization. Critical of feminist
approaches
that minimize female perpetration and trivialize male injury.)
Dutton, D. G., Nicholls, T. L.,
& Spidel, A. (2005). Female perpetrators of intimate
abuse. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 41, (4) 1-31. (A
review article examining issues related to female abusers. Authors
conclude, based on survey and epidemiological studies, that
females are as abusive as males in intimate relationships. They
note that this is "especially so for younger cohort samples followed
longitudinally.")
Dutton-Greene,
L. B., & Straus, M. A. (2005, July). The relationship between
gender hostility and partner violence and injury. Paper presented
at the 9th International Family Violence Research Conference,
Portsmouth,
NH. (Report of findings from international dating violence Study
which collected data from over 11,000 <70% women> college
students from
50 universities in 21 countries. Subjects responded to the
revised
Conflict Tactics scale, gender hostility scales and injury
scales. Findings reveal that women perpetrated greater partner violence
than
men,
that women were more seriously injured than men and that hostility
toward
the opposite sex was significantly and similarly correlated with
partner
violence for men and women.)
Eaton, D. K., Davis, K. S., Barrios, L., Brener, N. D., & Noonan,
R. K. (2007). Associations of dating violence victimization with
lifetime participation, co-occurrence, and early initiation of risk
behaviors among U. S. high school students. Journal of
Interpersonal Violence, 22, 585-602. (Data was examined from the
2003 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Subjects were 15,214
students from the 9th to the 12th grade and consisted of 48.7% female,
61.5% white, 13.9% black, 16.6% Hispanic, and 8.1% other race or
ethnicity. Physical dating violence was assessed by response to
the question: "During the past 12 months, did your boyfriend or
girlfriend ever hit, slap, or physically hurt you on purpose?"
Results reveal that 8.8% of girls and 8.6% of boys reported being
victims of dating violence.)
Ehrensaft, M. K., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E., Chen, H., &
Johnson, J. G. (2003). Intergenerational transmission of partner
violence: A 20-year prospective study. Journal of Counseling and
Clinical Psychology, 71, 741-753. (A sample of 541 subjects from
New York State <298 women, 243 men> who had been followed for
over 20 years responded to the CTS. While overall similar rates
of perpetration of partner abuse were reported by men and women <21%
vs 22%> women were more likely than men to kick or hit <9% vs
5%> or hit or try to hit with objects <7% vs 2%>.)
Ehrensaft,
M. K., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2004). Clinically abusive
relationships in an unselected birth cohort: men's and women's
participation
and developmental antecedents. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,
113
(2), 258-270. (Assessed 980 individuals, ages 24-26, who were
participants
in longitudinal study in New Zealand. Subjects were examined with
the CTS, the Partner Conflict Calendar, PCC, a measure of the
consequences
of abuse and a variety of personality and psychopathology scales.
Findings reveal that 9% of the total sample, with an equal number of
men
and women, were victims of clinical abuse in their relationships with
partners.)
Ellison, C. G., Barkowski, J. P., & Anderson, K. R. (1999). Are
there religious variations in domestic violence? Journal of
Family Issues, 20, 87-113. (Subjects were selected from the first
wave of The National Survey of Families & Households and consisted
of 2,420 women and 2,242 men. Self administered surveys revealed
that females were significantly more likely than males to perpetrate
violence toward their partners. Authors report that "regular
attendance at religious services is inversely associated" with domestic
violence for men and women.)
Ernst,
A. A., Nick, T. G., Weiss, S. J., Houry, D., & Mills, T.
(1997). Domestic violence in an inner-city ED. Annals of Emergency
Medicine,
30, 190-197. (Assessed 516 patients <233 men, 283 women> in
a
New Orleans inner-city emergency Department with the Index of Spousal
Abuse,
a scale to measure domestic violence. Found that 28% of the men
and
33% of the women <a nonsignificant difference>, were victims of
past
physical violence while 20% of the men and 19% of the women reported
being
current victims of physical violence. In terms of ethnicity, 82%
of subjects were African-American. Authors report that there was
a significant difference in the number of women vs. men who reported
past
abuse to the police ,19% of women, 6% of men.>)
Farrell,
W. (1999). Women can’t hear what men don’t say. New York:
Tarcher/Putnam. See Chapter 6. (Pp. 123-162; 323-329.) (An
excellent social
and political analysis of couple violence.)
Feather,
N. T. (1996). Domestic violence, gender and perceptions of
justice. Sex Roles, 35, 507-519. (Subjects <109 men, 111 women>
from
Adelaide,
South Australia, were presented a hypothetical scenario in which either
a husband or wife perpetrated domestic violence. Participants
were
significantly more negative in their evaluation of the husband than the
wife, were more sympathetic to the wife and believed that the husband
deserved
a harsher penalty for his behavior.)
Felson,
R. B. (2002). Violence and Gender Reexamined. Washington,
DC:
American Psychological Association. (Scholarly review and
analysis
of the literature. Author concludes that, "Women are just as
likely
as men to be victims of violence from their partners. . . ." Also
"casts doubt on the battered wife syndrome as an explanation for why
women
kill their male partners.")
Felson,
R. B. (2006). Is violence against women about women or about
violence?
Contexts, 5, 21-25. (Reports that while men are eight times more
likely to commit overall violence than women, there is gender parity in
partner violence. Author suggests that violent men are "less
likely
to assault their partners because of the chivalry norm.")
Felson, R. B. (in press). The legal
consequences of intimate partner violence for men and women. Children
and Youth Services Review. (Author reports that evidence
suggests that violent husbands are not treated more leniently than
other violent offenders. Evidence also suggests that male victims
of partner violence are dissatisfied with their treatment by the legal
system. In the article author summarizes an unpublished study
examining whether gender and marital status affect whether people think
the police should be notified about a partner assault. In a
telephone survey, 800 subjects responded to a scenario of an argument
between a couple in which one strikes the other, bruising their
arm. Results indicate that subjects were more likely <80% to
60%> to condemn men's assaults on women than women's assaults on
men, even though injuries were identical.)
Felson,
R. B., & Outlaw, M. (2007). The control motive and marital
violence. Violence and Victims, 22, 387-407. (Study based on an
analysis of
data obtained through the National Violence Against Women Survey
<see
Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000>. Authors looked at 10,000
respondents
out of 16,000 total sample who were currently married. Results
reveal
that adult women are just as controlling and jealous toward their male
partners as the other way around. Also report that, "While
controlling
spouses in current marriages are more likely to act violently there is
no evidence that this relationship is gendered.")
Felson, R. B., & Pare, P. (2005). The
reporting of domestic violence and sexual assault by nonstrangers
to the police. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 597-610. (Authors
analyzed data from The National Violence Against Women Survey,
and found that "male victims are particularly reluctant to report
assaults by their female partners." Reasons for nonreporting
include: fear of reprisal, thought that police could do nothing to help
and charges would not be believed.)
Felson, R. B., & Pare, P. (2007). Does
the criminal justice system treat domestic violence and sexual
offenders leniently? Justice Quarterly, 24, 435-459. (Authors
analyzed data from the National Violence Against Women Survey
and conclude that "women who assault their male partners are
particularly likely to avoid arrest.")
Fergusson,
D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Ridder, E. M. (2005). Partner
violence
and mental health outcomes in a New Zealand birth cohort. Journal
of Marriage and Family, 67, 1103-1119. (Examined extent of
domestic
violence experience and perpetration in a sample of 828 <437 women,
391 men> young adults who were 25 years old. Subjects were
part of
a long term longitudinal study and were administered the CTS2. Results
reveal that "there were more men exposed to severe domestic violence
than
women" and that mild and moderate rates were similar for men and
women. Overall, 39.4% of women and 30.9% of men reported perpetration
scores
of
3 or higher. Authors report that men and women reported similar
rates
of injury <3.9% for women vs. 3.3% for men>. In terms of
initiation
of partner assaults, 34% of women and 12% of men reported initiating
physical
assaults.)
Fiebert,
M. S., & Gonzalez, D. M. (1997). Women who initiate assaults:
The reasons offered for such behavior. Psychological Reports, 80,
583-590. (A sample of 968 women, drawn primarily from college courses
in the
Southern
California area, were surveyed regarding their initiation of physical
assaults
on their male partners. 29% of the women, n=285, revealed that
they
initiated assaults during the past five years. Women in their 20's were
more likely to aggress than women aged 30 and above. In terms of
reasons, women appear to aggress because they did not believe that
their
male victims would be injured or would retaliate. Women also
claimed
that they assaulted their male partners because they wished to engage
their
attention, particularly emotionally.)
Fiebert,
M. S. (1996). College students' perception of men as victims of women's
assaultive behavior. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 82, 49-50. (Three
hundred
seventy one college students <91 men, 280 women> were surveyed
regarding
their knowledge and acceptance of the research finding regarding female
assaultive behavior. The majority of subjects (63%) were unaware of the
finding that women assault men as frequently as men assault women; a
slightly
higher percentage of women than men (39% vs 32%) indicated an awareness
of this finding. With regard to accepting the validity of these
findings
a majority of subjects (65%) endorsed such a result with a slightly
higher
percentage of men (70% vs 64%)indicating their acceptance of this
finding.)
Flynn,
C. P. (1990). Relationship violence by women: issues and
implications. Family Relations, 36, 295-299. (A review/analysis article
that
states,
"researchers consistently have found that men and women in
relationships,
both marital and premarital engage in comparable amounts of
violence."
Author also writes, "Violence by women in intimate relationships has
received
little attention from policy makers, the public, and until recently,
researchers...battered
men and abusive women have receive 'selective inattention' by both the
media and researchers.")
Follingstad, D. R., Wright, S., &
Sebastian, J. A. (1991). Sex
differences in motivations and effects in dating violence. Family
Relations, 40, 51-57. (A sample of 495 college students <207
men,
288 women> completed the CTS and other instruments including a
"justification
of relationship violence measure." The study found that women
were
twice as likely to report perpetrating dating violence as men. Female
victims attributed male violence to a desire to gain control over them
or to retaliate for being hit first, while men believed that female
aggression
was a based on their female partner's wish to "show how angry they were
and to retaliate for feeling emotionally hurt or mistreated.")
Foo,
L., & Margolin, G. (1995). A multivariate investigation of
dating
aggression. Journal of Family Violence, 10, 351-377. (A
sample
of 290 college students <111 men, 179 women> responded to the
CTS. Results reveal that 24.3% of men and 38.5% of women reported
perpetrating
physical violence toward their dating partners.)
Forke, C. M., Myers, R. K., Catallozzi, M., & Schwarz, D. F.
(2008). Relationship violence among female and male college
undergraduate students. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent
Medicine, 162, 634-641. (A sample of 910 college students <520
women, 390 men> from three college campuses responded to select
items from the CTS. Results indicate that women were
significantly more likely to report perpetrating physical violence on
their male partners than men on their female partners.)
Foshee,
V. A. (1996). Gender differences in adolescent dating abuse
prevalence,
types and injuries. Health Education Research, 11 (3), 275-286.
(Data
collected from 1965 adolescents in eighth and ninth grade in 14 schools
in rural North Carolina. Results reveal that 36.5% of dating females
and
39.4% of dating males report being victims of physical dating
violence. In terms of perpetrating violence 27.8% of females while only
15.0% of
males report perpetrating violence.)
Gelles,
R. J. (1994). Research and advocacy: Can one wear two hats?
Family
Process, 33, 93-95. (Laments the absence of objectivity on the
part
of "feminist" critics of research demonstrating female perpetrated
domestic
violence.)
Gelles, R. J. (2007). The politics of research: The use, abuse,
and misuse of social science data - the case of intimate partner
violence. Family Court Review, 45, 42-51. (An analysis
examining the issue of how social science data has been "abused and
misused in policy and practice in the area of Intimate Partner Violence
<IPV>." Challenges "supposed" facts in the area and faults
feminists for not acknowledging the empirical findings that men are
equal victims of IPV.)
George,
M. J. (1994). Riding the donkey backwards: Men as the unacceptable
victims
of marital violence. Journal of Men's Studies, 3, 137-159. (A
thorough
review of the literature which examines findings and issues related to
men as equal victims of partner abuse.)
George,
M. J. (1999). A victimization survey of female perpetrated assaults in
the United Kingdom. Aggressive Behavior, 25, 67-79. (A
representative
sample of 718 men and 737 women completed the CTS and reported their
experience
as victims of physical assaults by women during a five year period. Men
reported greater victimization and more severe assaults than did
women. Specifically, 14% of men compared to 7% of women reported being
assaulted
by women. Highest risk group were single men. The majority (55%)
of assaults on men were perpetrated by spouses, partners, or former
partners.)
George,
M. J. (2002). Skimmington Revisited. Journal of Men's
Studies,
10 (2), 111-127. (Examines historical sources and finds that men
who were victims of spousal aggression were subject to punishment and
humiliation. Inferences to contemporary trivialization of male victims
of partner
aggression
is discussed.)
George,
M. J. (2003). Invisible touch. Aggression & Violent
Behaviour,
8, 23-60. (A comprehensive review and analysis of female
initiated
partner aggression. Historical, empirical and case evidence
presented
to demonstrate reality of "battered husband syndrome.")
George,
M. J. (2007). The "great taboo" and the role of patriarchy in
husband
and wife abuse. International Journal of Men's Health, 6,
7-22. (A scholarly examination of key myths and taboos surrounding the
concept
of patriarchy. Emphasizes the point that IPV will be successfully
combated only when male victimization is acknowledged and addressed by
both men and women.)
Giordano,
P. C., Millhollin, T. J., Cernkovich, S. A., Pugh, M. D., &
Rudolph,
J. L. (1999). Delinquency, identity, and women's involvement in
relationship
violence. Criminology, 37, 17-40. (Reports the responses of
721 young adults <45% male, 55% female; 47% white, 53% nonwhite>
who
had been involved in delinquent activities 10 years earlier. Subjects
responded to a modified version of the CTS. Findings reveal that
women were more likely to perpetrate violence than men. Specifically,
27.6% of women compared to 19.2% of men hit or threw at their partner
and
8.3% of women compared to 0.4% of men threatened spouse or partner with
a knife.)
Goldberg,
W. G., & Tomlanovich, M. C. (1984). Domestic violence victims
in the emergency department. JAMA, 251, 3259-3264. (A
sample
of 492 patients <275 women, 217 men> who sought treatment in an
emergency
department in a Detroit hospital were survey regarding their experience
with domestic violence. Respondents were mostly African-American
(78%), city dwellers (90%), and unemployed (60%). Victims of
domestic
violence numbered 107 (22%). While results indicate that 38% of
victims
were men and 62% were women this gender difference did not reach
statistical
significance.
Gonzalez,
D. M. (1997). Why females initiate violence: A study examining
the
reasons behind assaults on men. Unpublished master's thesis,
California
State University, Long Beach. (225 college women participated in
a survey which examined their past history and their rationales for
initiating
aggression with male partners. Subjects also responded to 8
conflict
scenarios which provided information regarding possible reasons for the
initiation of aggression. Results indicate that 55% of the
subjects
admitted to initiating physical aggression toward their male partners
at
some point in their lives. The most common reason was that
aggression
was a spontaneous reaction to frustration).
Goodyear-Smith, F. A. & Laidlaw,
T. M. (1999). Aggressive acts and
assaults in intimate relationships: Towards an understanding of the
literature. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 17, 285-304. (An up to
date
scholarly
analysis of couple violence. Authors report that, “...studies clearly
demonstrate
that within the general population, women initiate and use violent
behaviors
against their partners at least as often as men.”
Graham,
K., Plant, M., & Plant, M. (2004). Alcohol, gender and
partner
aggression: a general population study of British adults. Addiction
Research and Theory, 12, 385-401. (A cross sectional sample of
2027
<1052 women, 975 men> adults were interviewed regarding their
experience
with partner aggression. Results indicate that 16% of women
reported
physically aggressing their male partners within a two year period,
while
13% of males reported physically aggressing their female partners.)
Graham-Kevan, N. (2007). Domestic violence: Research and
implications for batterer programmes in Europe. European Journal
of Criminal Policy & Research, 13, 213-225. (A review article
in which author cites evidence which challenges traditional feminist
conceptualizations of "domestic violence as unilateral male-to-female
violence enacted to control and dominate women, supported by the
patriarchal beliefs and systems of the wider society.")
Graham-Kevan,
N., & Archer, J. (July, 2005). Using Johnson's domestic
violence
typology to classify men and women in a non-selected sample. Paper
presented at the 9th Annual Family Violence Research Conference,
Portsmouth,
NH. (A total of 1339 subjects, students and staff from the
University
of Central Lancashire, responded to a modified version of the
CTS. Authors report that, "the proportion of women and men using any
act of
physical aggression towards their partners was as follows: from
self-reports
29% for women and 17% for men, and from partner reports 31% of women
and
22% for men.")
Grandin,
E. & Lupri, E. (1997). Intimate violence in Canada and the
United
States: A cross-national comparison. Journal of Family Violence,
12 (4), 417-443. (Authors examine data from the 1985 U.S.
National
Family Violence Resurvey and the 1986 Canadian National Family Life
Survey. Report that "although the United States exhibits significantly
higher
rates
of societal violence crime than Canada, Canadian women and men were
more
likely than their American counterparts to use severe and minor
intimate
violence." This finding is counter to the "culture of violence
theory."
Moreover, in both cultures the rates of violence of wives to husbands
were
higher than husbands to wives. Specifically, the overall violence
index for men in America was 10.6 and in Canada it was 18.3; while the
overall violence index for women in America was 12.2 and in Canada it
was
25.3.)
Gray,
H. M. & Foshee, V. (1997). Adolescent dating violence. Journal of
Interpersonal Violence, 12, 126-142. (A sample of 185
adolescents responded to a questionnaire about dating violence; 77
students
reported being involved in physical violence in their current or most
recent
dating relationship. Mutual violence was present in 66% of cases;
while 26% of males and 8% of females reported being victims of violence
and 29% of females and 4% of males reported being sole perpetrators of
violence.)
Gryl,
F. E., Stith, S. M., & Bird, G. W. (1991). Close dating
relationships
among college students: differences by use of violence and by
gender. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 8, 243-264. (A
sample
of 280 first year college students <156 women, 124 men> at a
mid-Atlantic
university completed the violence sub-scale of the Conflict Tactics
Scale. Results reveal that almost 30% of the females and 23% of males
reported
that they had been violent in the current relationship. Also almost 28%
of women and 39% of men reported sustaining violence in their current
relationship.)
Halpern, C. T., Oslak, S. G., Young, M. L., Martin, S. L. & Kupper,
L. L. (2001). Partner violence among adolescents in opposite-sex
romantic relationships: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study
of Adolescent Health. American Journal of Public Health, 91,
1679-1685. (A sample of 7493 subjects <3405 boys, 4088
girls> were drawn in 1994-5 from a stratified random sample of high
school students in the United States. Subjects responded to items
from the CTS and results reveal similar rates (12%) of reported
physical violence for boys and girls.)
Hamel,
J. (2005). Gender Inclusive Treatment of Intimate Partner
Abuse. New York: Springer. (Reviews the "most reliable and empirically
sound
research" and concludes that "men and women physically and emotionally
abuse each other at equal rates. . ." Offers a comprehensive
gender
inclusive treatment approach to domestic violence.)
Hamel,
J. (2007). Toward a gender-inclusive conception of intimate
partner
violence research and theory: Part 1-traditional perspectives.
International
Journal of Men's Health, 6, 36-54. (A review article which
examines
research in the area of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and finds that
until recently the primary focus was on the physical and psychological
abuse of women by their male partners. Concludes that the
reluctance
to objectively investigate the area is due to a "prevailing patriarchal
conception of intimate partner violence.")
Hamel, J. (2009). Toward a gender-inclusive conception of
intimate partner violence research and theory: Part 2-new
directions. International Journal of Men's Health, 8, (1)
41-59. (A review article critical of Johnson's post-patriarchal
typology of intimate partner violence. The author presents and
discusses a gender-inclusive model for prevention, intervention and
policy. This model is consistent with latest findings that reveal
most domestic violence is mutual.)
Hampton,
R. L., Gelles, R. J., & Harrop, J. W. (1989). Is violence in
families increasing? A comparison of 1975 and 1985 National
Survey
rates. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 969-980. (Compared
a sample of 147 African Americans from the 1975 National Survey with
576
African Americans from the 1985 National Survey with regard to spousal
violence. Using the CTS found that the rate of overall violence
(169/1000)
of husbands to wives remained the same from 1975 to 1985, while the
rate
of overall violence for wives to husbands increased 33% (153 to
204/1000)
from 1975 to 1985. The rate of severe violence of husbands to
wives
decreased 43% (113 to 64/1000) from 1975 to 1985, while the rate of
severe
violence of wives to husbands increased 42% (76 to 108/1000) from 1975
to 1985. In 1985 the rate of abusive violence by black women was
nearly 3 times greater than the rate of white women.)
Harned,
M. S. (2002). A multivariate analysis of risk markers for dating
violence victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17,
1179-1197. (In a university sample of 874 daters <489 women, 385
men>
assessed
with the revised CTS, 22% of women and 21% of men reported experiencing
physical aggression from dating partners.)
Harders,
R. J., Struckman-Johnson, C., Struckman-Johnson, D. & Caraway, S.
J.
(1998). Verbal and physical abuse in dating relationships. Paper
presented at the meeting of American Psychological Association,
San
Francisco, CA. (Surveyed 274 college students <92 men, 182
women>
using a revised formed of the Conflict Tactics Scale. Found that
women were significantly more physically aggressive than men,
particularly
in the areas of: pushing, slapping and punching.)
Headey,
B., Scott, D., & de Vaus, D. (1999). Domestic violence in
Australia:
Are women and men equally violent? Data from the International
Social
Science Survey/ Australia 1996/97 was examined. A sample of 1643
subjects (804 men, 839 women) responded to questions about their
experience
with domestic violence in the past 12 months. Results reveal that
5.7% of men and 3.7% of women reported being victims of domestic
assaults. With regard to injuries results reveal that women inflict
serious
injuries
at least as frequently as men. For example 1.8% of men and 1.2%
of
women reported that their injuries required first aid, while 1.5%
of men and 1.1% of women reported that their injuries needed treatment
by a doctor or nurse.
Hendy,
H. M., Weiner, K., Bakerofskie, J., Eggen, D., Gustitus, C., &
McLeod,
K. C. (2003). Comparison of six models for violent romantic
relationships
in college men and women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18,
645-665. (A sample of 608 students <164 men, 444 women>
were surveyed
with the Conflict Tactics Scale. Results indicate that 16% of men
and 26% of women report inflicting violence on their current romantic
partner.)
Henton,
J., Cate, R., Koval, J., Lloyd, S., & Christopher, S. (1983).
Romance and violence in dating relationships. Journal of Family
Issues,
4, 467-482. (Surveyed 644 high school students <351 men, 293
women>
and found that abuse occurred at a rate of 121 per 1000 and appeared to
be reciprocal with both partners initiating violence at similar rates.)
Herrenkohl,
T. I., Kosterman, R., Mason, W. A., & Hawkins, J. D. (2007).
Victims and Violence, 22 (3), 259-274. (Subjects were drawn from
a longitudinal study in Seattle, WA. At age 24, 644 subjects
<51.6%
female, 48.4% male; 48% Euro-American, 25% African-American, 22%
Asian-American)
who were partnered were assessed with a modified version of the
CTS. Results reveal that 19% of subjects perpetrated one or more acts
of IPV
in the past year. Overall 25% of women and 13% of men reported
having
perpetrated IPV.
Hettrich, E. L. & O'Leary, K. D. (2007). Females' reasons for
their physical aggression in dating relationships. Journal of
Interpersonal Violence, 22, 1131-1143. (Examined a sample of 446
dating college females <38.6% Caucasian, 23.6% Asian, 18.1%
Hispanic, 7.9% African-American, 6.3% Caribbean American, 4.8%
other> and found that 32% reported in engaging in physical
aggression toward their male partners. Primary reasons for
aggression were anger and poor communication.)
Hines, D. A., Brown, J., & Dunning, E. (2007). Characteristics of
callers to the domestic abuse helpline for
men. Journal of Family violence, 22, 63-72. (Study examines
experiences of 190 men who called the Domestic Abuse Helpline for
men. Results reveal that all callers "experienced physical abuse
from their female partners, and a substantial minority feared their
wives' violence and were stalked.")
Hines,
D. A. & Douglas, E. M. (2010). Intimate terrorism by women
towards men: does it exist? Journal of Aggression, Conflict and
Peace Research, 2, (3), 36-56. (Study investigates Johnson's
theory of partner violence which differentiates common couple violence
<CCV> from intimate terrorism <IT>. Johnson maintains
IT is caused by patriarchy and primarily committed by men. The
authors examined a sample of 302 men who sought help as victims of
partner violence and compared their responses to the CTS2 and other
measures to a sample of 520 men from the community. Female
partners of the helpseeking sample were significantly more likely to
aggress against and injure their male partners than female partners of
the community sample. For example, males sustained injuries 5 to
1 in the helpseeking sample <35% to 7%> and 1.5 to 1 <1.5% to
1%> in the community sample. Authors indicate that the
majority of male aggression in the helpseeking sample was "likely a
reaction to their female partner's violence." Results were
interpreted as a repudiation of Johnson's theory.)
Hines,
D. A. & Malley-Morrison, K. (2001). Psychological effects of
partner abuse against men: a neglected research area. Psychology
of Men and Masculinity, 2, 75-85. (A review article that examines
the issue of men as victims of partner abuse. Considers reasons
why
men would remain in an abusive relationship.)
Hines,
D. A. & Saudino, K. J. (2003). Gender differences in
psychological,
physical, and sexual aggression among college students using the
revised
Conflict Tactics Scales. Violence and Victims, 18 (2),
197-217. (A sample of 481 college students <179 men, 302 women>
responded
to
the revised Conflict Tactics scale. Results indicate that 29% of
men and 35% of women reported perpetrating physical aggression in their
relationships.)
Hird, M. J. (2000). An
empirical study of adolescent dating aggression in the U.K. Journal of
Adolescence, 23, 69-78. (A sample of U.K. high school
students <279 male, 269 female> were assessed with a modified
version of the CTS. Results indicate that 15% of males and 14% of
females reported experiencing physical aggression from their dating
partner within the past 12 months.)
Hoff,
B. H. (1999). The r isk of serious physical injury from assault
by
a woman intimate. A re-examination of National Violence against
women
survey data on type of assault by an intimate.
WWW.vix.com/menmag/nvawrisk.htm. (A re-examination of the data from the
most recent National violence
against
women survey (Tjaden & Thoennes, 1998) shows that "assaulted men
are
more likely than assaulted women to experience serious attacks by being
hit with an object, beat up, threatened with a knife or being knifed.")
Holt, M. K, & Espelange, D. L. (2005). Social support as a
moderator between dating violence victimization and depression/anxiety
among African American and Caucasian adolescents. School
Psychology Review, 14, 309-328. (A sample of 681 middle and
high school students <319 males, 362 females, 267 African Americans
and 414 Caucasians> responded to the Victimization in Dating
Relationships scale. Results reveal that 43% of males and 32% of
females reported physical violence dating victimization. More
African American than Caucasians reported physical violence dating
victimization <45% vs 32%>.)
Holtzworth-Munroe,
A. (2005). Female Perpetration of Physical Aggression Against an
Intimate Partner: A Controversial New Topic of Study. Violence
and
Victims, 20 (2), 251-259. (Examines the changing zeitgeist,
methodological
issues, and research findings regarding female perpetrated violence.)
Jackson,
S. M., Cram, F. & Seymour, F. W. (2000). Violence and sexual
coercion in high school students' dating relationships. Journal
of
Family Violence, 15, 23-36. (In a New Zealand sample of senior
high
school students <200 women, 173 men> 21% of women and 19% of men
reported
having been physically hurt by their heterosexual dating partner.)
Jankey, O., Prospero, M., & Fawson, P.
(2011). Mutually violent attitudes: effects on intimate partner
violence and mental health symptoms among couples in Botswana,
Africa. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 3,
(1) 4-11. (A sample of 562 university students in Botswana
<71% female> completed the CTS2. No significant differences
between men and women were found with regard to physical perpetration
of partner violence.)
Jenkins,
S. S., & Aube, J. (2002). Gender differences and
gender-related
constructs in dating aggression. Personality and Social
Psychology
Bulletin, 28, 1106-1118. (Used the CTS with a university sample
of
85 dating couples. Authors report that, "women in existing
college
dating relationships are more aggressive than men.")
Jezl,
D. R., Molidor, C. E., & Wright, T. L. (1996). Physical,
sexual,
and psychological abuse in high school dating relationships: Prevalence
rates and self-esteem issues. Child and Adolescent Social Work
Journal,
13 (1), 69-87. (Examined an ethnically diverse sample of
currently
dating subjects <114 male, 118 female> who responded to a
modified version
of the Conflict Tactics Scale. Results indicate that 50.9% of
subjects
<63% of males and 39% of females> reported being victims of
moderately
abusive behaviors such as "being kicked, slapped, having your hair
pulled,
and being intentionally scratched.")
Jouriles,
E. N., & O'leary, K. D. (1985). Interpersonal reliability of
reports of marital violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology,
53, 419-421. (Used the Conflict Tactics Scale with a sample of 65
couples
in marriage therapy and 37 couples from the community. Found
moderate
levels of agreement of abuse between partners and similar rates of
reported
violence between partners.)
Kalmuss,
D. (1984). The intergenerational transmission of marital
aggression. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 46, 11-19. (In a
representative
sample of 2,143 adults found that the rate of husband to wife severe
aggression
is 3.8% while the rate of wife to husband severe aggression is 4.6%.)
Katz, J.,
Carino, A., & Hilton, A. (2002). Perceived verbal conflict
behaviors associated with physical aggression and sexual coercion in
dating relationships: a gender-sensitive analysis. Violence &
Victims, 17, 93-109. (A sample of 223 <115 males, 108
females> heterosexual dating undergraduates completed the
CTS2. Results indicate that there were no differences for men and
women in the perpetration of physical aggression toward partners.)
Katz,
J., Kuffel, S. W., & Coblentz, A. (2002). Are there gender
differences
in sustaining dating violence? An examination of frequency,
severity,
and relationship satisfaction. Journal of Family Violence, 17,
247-271. (Authors report two studies where dating men and women
experienced
violence
at comparable levels, "although men experienced more frequent moderate
violence." In the first study n=286, <183 women, 103 men>
55%
of women had nonviolent partners, while 50% of men had nonviolent
partners;
in the second study n=123 <78 women, 45 men> 73% of women had
nonviolent
partners, while 58% of men had nonviolent partners.)
Kaura,
S. A. & Allan, C. M. (2004). Dissatisfaction with
relationship
power and dating violence perpetration by men and women. Journal
of Interpersonal Violence, 19, 576-588. (A university sample of
352
men and 296 women completed the revised Conflict Tactics Scale. Authors
report, "Surprisingly, significantly more dating violence perpetration
is reported by women than by men.")
Kelly,
L. (2003). Disabusing the definition of domestic abuse: how women
batter men and the role of the feminist state. Florida State Law
Review, 30, 791-855. (A scholarly examination of the issue of
male
victimization which is critical of feminist perspectives.)
Kessler, R. C., Molnar, B. E.,
Feurer, I. D., & Appelbaum, M. (2001). Patterns and mental
health predictors of domestic violence in the United States.
International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 24, 487-507. (A
sample of 3537 subjects <1738 men, 1799 women> were drawn from
the National Co-morbidity Survey, a nationally representative survey
conducted between 1990 and 1992. Subjects were married or
cohabitating men and women between the ages of 15-54 who were assessed
using the CTS. Results indicated that, "17.4% of women and 18.4%
of men reported that they were victims of minor physical violence
perpetrated by their current spouses or partners.")
Kim,
K., & Cho, Y. (1992). Epidemiological survey of spousal abuse in
Korea. In E. C. Viano (Ed.) Intimate Violence: Interdisciplinary
Perspectives.
(pp. 277-282). Bristol, PA: Taylor and Francis. (Utilized
the
Conflict Tactics scale in interviews with a random sample of 1,316
married
Koreans <707 women, 609 men>. Compared to findings with
American
couples, results indicate that Korean men were victimized by their
wives
twice as much as American men, while Korean women were victimized by
their
spouses three times as much as American women.)
Kim,
J-Y., & Emery, C. (2003). Marital power, conflict, norm
consensus,
and marital violence in a nationally representative sample of Korean
couples. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 197-219. (A sample of
1500
South Koreans were surveyed. Marital power, conflict and norm
consensus
were correlated with marital violence. Findings reveal that the
incidence
of husband to wife violence 27.8%, while wife to husband was
15.8%)
Kirschner, M.,
& Fiebert, M. (2008, April). Interracial dating and partner
abuse: A pilot study. Poster session presented at the annual
meeting of Western Psychological Association, Irvine, CA. (A
convenience sample of 40 subjects, 15 men, 25 women who were currently
involved in an interracial relationship were evaluated using the
CTS2. No relationship between partner aggression and ethnicity
was found. However, women were significantly more likely to
perpetrate violence toward their male partners then men were toward
women.)
Kwong,
M. J., Bartholomew, K., & Dutton, D. (1999). Gender
differences
in patterns of relationship violence in Alberta. Canadian Journal
of Behavioural Science, 31 (3), 150-160. (A representative sample
of men <n=356> and women <n=351> from Alberta using the
Conflict
Tactics Scale, reported on their experience of marital aggression
during
a one year period. Similar levels of reported perpetration of
physical
violence were found, viz., husband to wife 12.9%, wife to husband,
12.3%.)
Lane,
K., & Gwartney-Gibbs, P.A. (1985). Violence in the context of
dating and sex. Journal of Family Issues, 6, 45-49. (Surveyed 325
students <165 men, 160 women> regarding courtship violence. Used
Conflict Tactics Scale and found equal rates of violence for men and
women.)
Laner,
M. R., & Thompson, J. (1982). Abuse and aggression in
courting
couples. Deviant Behavior, 3, 229-244. (Used Conflict Tactics
Scales
with a sample of 371 single individuals <129 men, 242 women> and
found
similar rates of male and female violence in dating relationships.)
Langhinrichsen-Rohling,
J.
(2005).
Top
10 greatest hits. Important findings and
future directions for intimate partner violence research. Journal
of Interpersonal Violence, 20, 108-118. (Author spells out her
choices of the 10 most important recent findings in the field of
intimate partner violence. Specifically states, "data indicate
that women's perpetuation of violence is surprisingly frequent, perhaps
more so than men's. . . .")
Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., &
Vivian, D. (1994). The
correlates
of spouses' incongruent reports of marital aggression. Journal of
Family
Violence, 9, 265-283. (In a clinic sample of 97 couples seeking
marital
therapy, authors found, using a modified version of the CTS, that 61%
of
the husbands and 64% of the wives were classified as aggressive, 25% of
the husbands and 11% of the wives were identified as mildly aggressive
and 36% of husbands and 53% of wives were classified as severely
aggressive. Sixty-eight percent of couples were in agreement with
regard to
husband's
overall level of aggression and 69% of couples were in agreement on
wive's
overall level of aggression. Aggression levels were identified as
"nonviolent,
mildly violent, or severely violent." Where there was disagreement, 65%
of husbands <n=20> were under-reporting aggression and 35% of
husbands
<n=11> were over-reporting aggression; while 57% of wives
<n=17>
were under-reporting aggression and 43% of wives <n=13> were
over-reporting
aggression.)
Laroche,
D. (2005). Aspects of the context and consequences of domestic
violence-Situational
couple violence and intimate terrorism in Canada in 1999. Table
8. Quebec City: Government of Quebec. (Author presents a reanalysis
of Canadian General Social Survey <see Brown, 2004> and reports
great
similarity in male and female victimization. Specifically, 83% of
men and 77% of women feared for their lives because they were
unilaterally
terrorized by their partners. A similar percentage <84%> of
men
and women who were terrorized by their partners received medical
attention.)
Leisring,
P. A., Dowd, L., & Rosenbaum, A. (2003). Treatment of Partner
Aggressive Women. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma,
7 (1/2), 257-277. (Article discusses information regarding gender
parity in partner aggression. Authors provide a rationale for the
study of female offenders and describe characteristics of partner
aggressive
women. Included is a presentation of the treatment program for
partner
aggressive women at University of Massachusetts medical school.)
LeJeune, C., & Follette, V.
(1994). Taking Responsibility. Sex Differences in reporting
dating violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9,
133-140. (A sample of 465 college students <58.3% male, 41.7%
female> responded to a mailed survey of CTS items. Results
reveal that 42.4% of female respondents report that they "usually
initiate violent acts in their relationship" compared to 14.3% of male
respondents who report "that they usually initiate violence."
Females also report that 39.4% of their male partners initiate violence
while 52.4% of males report that violence is initiated by their female
partners. Authors speculate that this discrepancy suggests that
"females are more likely than males to accept responsibility for
initiating violence.")
Leung, P. & Cheung, M. (2008). A prevalence study on
partner abuse in six Asian American ethnic groups in the USA.
International Social Work, 51, 635-649. (A large sample of Asian
Americans were surveyed with the original CTS in the greater Houston
area of Texas. Sample consisted of 1577 respondents: 610 Chinese,
517 Vietnamese, 154 Indians, 123 Koreans, 101 Filipinos and 72
Japanese. In terms of partner abuse high rates were reported for
Vietnamese (22.4%) and Filipinos (21.8%) and low rates for Japanese and
Chinese (9.7%). Overall women were more abusive than men (17.6%
vs 15.3%).)
Lewis,
A. & Sarantakos, S. (2001). Domestic Violence and the male
victim. Nuance, #3. (Based on interviews with 48 men in Australia and
New
Zealand, authors present findings that domestic violence by women
toward
men exists, that the refusal to examine the prevalence of this abuse is
a "disempowerment" of men and that official policy should be changed to
provide help for abused men.)
Lewis, S. F., & Fremouw, W.
(2001). Dating violence: A critical review of the
literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 21, 105-127. (Authors examine
the literature and state that, "there is ample
evidence that females initiate more violence than males."
Discusses explanations for these findings as well as "deficits in the
present body of literature including sampling methods, dependent
measures and data analyses.")
Lillja,
C. M. (1995). Why women abuse: A study examining the function of
abused men. Unpublished master's thesis, California State
University,
Long Beach. (A review of the literature examining the issue of men as
victims
of female assaults. Includes an original questionnaire to test
assumption
that women who lack social support to combat stress are likely to
commit
domestic violence.)
Lo,
W. A., & Sporakowski, M. J. (1989). The continuation of
violent
dating relationships among college students. Journal of College
Student
Development, 30, 432-439. (A sample of 422 college students
completed
the Conflict Tactics Scale. Found that, "women were more likely
than
men to claim themselves as abusers and were less likely to claim
themselves
as victims.")
Lottes,
I. L., & Weinberg, M. S. (1996). Sexual coercion among
university
students: a comparison of the United States and Sweden. Journal
of
Sex Research, 34, 67-76. (A sample of 507 Swedish students
<211
men, 359 women> and 407 U.S. students <129 men, 278 women>
responded
to items on the CTS. Results reveal that 31% of U.S. men compared
to 18% of Swedish men reported being victims of physical violence by
female
partners during the previous 12 months. While 31% of U.S. women
comparted
to 19% of Swedish women reported being victims of physical violence by
male partners during the previous 12 months.)
Luthra, R., & Gidycz, C. A.
(2006). Dating violence among college men and women.
Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21, 717-731. (A sample of 200
college students, <100 men, 100 women> responded to the
CTS. Results reveal that 25% of women and 10% of men reported
perpetrating violence on their dating partners.)
Macchietto,
J. (1992). Aspects of male victimization and female aggression:
Implications
for counseling men. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 14,
375-392.
(Article reviews literature on male victimization and female
aggression.)
Magdol, L., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A.,
Fagan, J., Newman, D. L., &
Silva, P. A. (1997). Gender differences in partner violence in a
birth cohort of 21 year Olds: bridging the gap between clinical and
epidemiological
approaches. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65,
68-78. (Used CTS with a sample of 861 21 year Olds <436 men,
425
women>
in New Zealand. Physical violence perpetration was reported
during
the previous 12 months by 37.2% of women and 21.8% of men, with severe
violence perpetration by women at 18.6% and men at 5.7%.)
Makepeace,
J. M. (1986). Gender differences in courtship violence
victimization. Family Relations, 35, 383-388. (A sample of 2,338
students <1,059
men,
1,279 women> from seven colleges were surveyed regarding their
experience
of dating violence. Courtship violence was experienced by 16.7 %
of respondents. Authors report that "rates of commission of acts
and initiation of violence were similar across gender." In term
of
injury, both men (98%) and women (92%) reported "none or mild" effects
of violence.)
Malik,
S., Sorenson, S. B., & Aneshensel, C. S. (1997). Journal of
Adolescent
Health, 21, 291-302. (A sample of 707 high school students
<281
boys, 426 girls> responded to the CTS. Results reveal that
girls
were almost 3 times more likely than boys to perpetrate dating
violence. In terms of ethnicity African-Americans had the highest level
of dating
violence, followed by Latinos, whites, and Asian Americans.)
Mallory,
K. A., McCloskey, K. A., Griggsby, N., & Gardner, D. (2003).
Women's use of violence within intimate relationships. Journal of
Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 6 (2), 37-59. (Reviews
research
which examines women's use of violence in intimate relationships.
Reports a number of studies which document the increased arrests of
women
in domestic disputes.)
Malone,
J., Tyree, A., & O'Leary, K. D. (1989). Generalization and
containment:
Different effects of past aggression for wives and husbands. Journal
of Marriage and the Family, 51, 687-697. (In a sample of 328
couples
it was found that men and women engaged in similar amounts of physical
aggression within their families of origin and against their spouses.
However,
results indicate that women were more aggressive to their partners than
men. Aggression was more predictable for women, i.e., if women
observed
parental aggression or hit siblings they were more likely to be violent
with their spouses.)
Margolin,
G. (1987). The multiple forms of aggressiveness between marital
partners:
how do we identify them? Journal of Marital and Family Therapy,
13
, 77-84. (A paid volunteer sample of 103 couples completed the
Conflict
Tactics Scale. It was found that husbands and wives perpetrated
similar
amounts of violence. Specifically, the incidence of violence, as
reported
by either spouse was: husband to wife =39; wife to husband =41.)
Marshall,
L. L., & Rose, P. (1987). Gender, stress and violence in the
adult relationships of a sample of college students. Journal of
Social
and Personal Relationships, 4, 299-316. (A survey of 308
undergraduates
<152 men, 156 women> revealed that 52% expressed and 62% received
violence
at some point in their adult relationships. Overall, women report
expressing
more physical violence than men. Childhood abuse emerged as a
predictor
of violence in adult relationships.)
Marshall, L. L., & Rose, P.
(1990). Premarital violence: The
impact of family of origin violence, stress and reciprocity. Violence
and Victims, 5, 51-64. (454 premarital undergraduates <249
women,
205 men> completed the CTS and other scales. Overall, women reported
expressing
more violence than men, while men reported receiving more violence than
women. Female violence was also associated with having been
abused
as children.)
Mason,
A., & Blankenship, V. (1987). Power and affiliation
motivation,
stress and abuse in intimate relationships. Journal of
Personality
and Social Psychology, 52, 203-210. (Investigated 155 college
students
<48 men, 107 women> with the Thematic Apperception Test
<TAT>, Life
Experiences Survey and the CTS. Found that there were no
significant
gender differences in terms of the infliction of physical abuse. Men
with high power needs were more likely to be physically abusive
while
highly stressed women with high needs for affiliation and low activity
inhibition were the most likely to be physically abusive. Results
indicate that physical abuse occurred most often among committed
couples.)
Matthews,
W. J. (1984). Violence in college couples. College Student
Journal, 18, 150-158. (A survey of 351 college students <123
men
and 228 women> revealed that 79 <22.8 %> reported at least one
incident
of dating violence. Both men and women ascribed joint
responsibility
for violent behavior and both sexes, as either recipients or expressors
of aggression, interpreted violence as a form of "love.")
Maxfield,
M. G. (1989). Circumstances in supplementary homicide
reports:
Variety and validity. Criminology, 27, 671-695. (Examines
FBI
homicide data from 1976 through 1985. Reports that 9,822 wives
&
common law wives <57%> were killed compared to 7,433 husbands and
common
law husbands <43%>).
McCarthy,
A. (2001.) Gender differences in the incidences of, motives
for, and consequences of, dating violence among college students.
Unpublished Master's thesis, California State University, Long
Beach. (In a sample of 1145 students <359 men, 786 women> found
that 36%
of
men and 28% of women responding to the CTS2 reported that they were
victims
of physical aggression during the previous year. There were no
differences
in reported motives for aggression between men and women.)
McKinney,
K. (1986). Measures of verbal, physical and sexual dating
violence
by gender. Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology, 14, 55-60. (Surveyed
163 college students, 78 men, 85 women, with a questionnaire designed
to
assess involvement in dating abuse. Found that 38% of women and
47%
of men indicated that they were victims of physical abuse in dating
relationships. Also found that 26% of women and 21% of men acknowledged
that they
physically
assaulted their dating partners.)
McLeod, M. (1984). Women
against men: An examination of
domestic
violence based on an analysis of official data and national
victimization
data. Justice Quarterly, 1, 171-193. (From a data set of
6,200
cases of spousal abuse in the Detroit area in 1978-79 found that men
used
weapons 25% of the time while female assailants used weapons 86% of the
time, 74% of men sustained injury and of these 84% required medical
care. Concludes that male victims are injured more often and more
seriously
than
female victims.)
McNeely,
R. L., Cook, P. W. & Torres, J. B. (2001). Is
domestic
violence a gender issue or a human issue? Journal of Human
Behavior
in the Social Environment, 4 (4), 227-251. (Argues that domestic
violence is a human issue and not a gender issue. Presents and
discusses
empirical findings and case studies to support this view. Expresses
concerns about men's "legal and social defenselessness.")
McNeely,
R. L., & Mann, C. R. (1990). Domestic violence is a human
issue. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5, 129-132. (A review article
which
discusses the findings that women are more prone than men to engage in
severely violent acts and that "classifying spousal violence as a
women's
issue rather than a human issue is erroneous.")
McNeely,
R. L., & Robinson-Simpson, G. (1987). The truth about
domestic
violence: A falsely framed issue. Social Work, 32, 485-490. (A review
article
which concludes that women are as violent as men in domestic
relationships.)
Mechem,
C. C., Shofer, F. S., Reinhard, S. S., Hornig, S., & Datner, E.
(1999). History of domestic violence among male patients presenting to
an urban
emergency department. Academic Emergency Medicine, 6,
786-791. (Data was collected over a 13 week period at an emergency
clinic in
Philadelphia
which focused on injuries to male patients. Results revealed that
12.6% of 866 men were victims of domestic violence. Authors cite
published findings that 14.4% of women treated in Emergency departments
had been physically or sexually abused by an intimate partner. Compared
to non-victims, victims were more likely to be single <52%>,
younger
<7.5 yrs> and African-American <61%>. In terms of
assaults,
48% of men reported being kicked, bitten, chocked or punched by a
female
partner, while 37% of men reported having a weapon used against them.)
Mercy,
J. A., & Saltzman, L. E. (1989). Fatal violence among spouses in
the
United States, 1975-85. American Journal of Public Health, 79,
595-599. (Examined FBI figures regarding spousal homicides. During the
10
year period from 1975 to 1985 found higher murder rates of wives than
husbands
<43.4% vs 56.6%>. Black husbands were at the greatest risk
of
victimization. Spousal homicide among blacks was 8.4 times higher
than that of whites. Spouse homicide rates were 7.7 times higher
in interracial marriages and the risk of victimization for both whites
and blacks increased as age differences between spouses
increased. Wives and husbands were equally likely to be killed by
firearms
<approximately
72% of the time> while husbands were more likely to be stabbed and
wives
more likely to bludgeoned to death. Arguments apparently
escalated
to murder in 67% of spouse homicides.)
Meredith,
W. H., Abbot, D. A., & Adams, S. L. (1986). Family violence
in
relation to marital and parental satisfaction and family
strengths. Journal of Family Violence, 1, 299-305. (Authors report that
6% of men
and 5% of women in Nebraska indicated that they used severe violence at
least once in the previous year.)
Merrill,
L. L., King, L. K., Milner, J. S., Newell, C. E., & Koss, M. P.
(1998). Premilitary intimate partner conflict resolution in a Navy
basic
trainee
sample. Military Psychology, 10, 1-15. (A sample of 2, 987
,1,560 women, 1,427 men> Navy basic trainees responded to the
CTS. More men <43.3%> than women <40.3%> reported receiving
physical violence
from an intimate partner, and more women <46.9%> than men
<31.9%>
reported at least one instance of inflicting physical violence on an
intimate
partner.)
Migliaccio,
T. A. (2002). Abused husbands: A Narrative analysis. Journal
of Family Issues, 23, 26-52. (Narratives of 12 abused men are
examined. Study finds that the accounts of battered men and women
follow similar
patterns, "including the structure of the relationships, acceptance of
the abuse, and the social context of the situation.")
Mihalic, S. W., & Elliot, D.
(1997). A social learning theory model
of marital violence. Journal of Family Violence, 12, 21-46. (Based on
data from the National Youth Survey <see Morse, 1995> a
social
learning model of marital violence for men and women was tested. For
men ethnicity, prior victimization, stress and marital satisfaction
predicted both perpetration and experience of minor violence. With
regard to serious violence ethnicity, prior victimization, marital
satisfaction
predicted men's experience of marital violence, while ethnicity, class
and sex role attitudes predicted the perpetration of male marital
violence. For women the most important predictor of the experience of
both minor
and serious marital violence was marital satisfaction, class was also a
predictor. With regard to female perpetrators of marital violence the
witnessing
of parental violence was an important predictor along with class and
marital
satisfaction. The social learning model worked better for women than
men.)
Milardo,
R. M. (1998). Gender asymmetry in common couple violence. Personal
Relationships, 5, 423-438. (A sample of 180 college students
<88
men, 72 women> were asked whether they would be likely to hit their
partner
in a number of situations common to a dating relationship. Results
reveal that 83% of the women, compared to 53% of the men, indicated
that
they would be somewhat likely to hit their partner.)
Mirrlees-Black,
C. (1999). Findings from a new British Crime Survey
self-completion
questionnaire. Home Office Research, Development and Statistics
Directorate
report 191. Home Office. London, HMSO. (In 1996,
16,000
completed questionnaires regarding crime victimization. Findings
reveal 4.2% of men and 4.2% of women between the ages of 16-59 reported
being physically assaulted by a current or former partner within the
past
year.)
Moffitt,
T. E., Robins, R. W., & Caspi, A. (2001). A couples analysis
of partner abuse with implications for abuse-prevention policy.
Criminology
& Public Policy, 1 (1), 5-36. (A representative longitudinal
sample of 360 young-adult couples in New Zealand completed a 13 item
physical
abuse scale. Results reveal that 40% of males and 50% of females
had perpetrated at least one act of physical violence toward their
partners.)
Molidor,
C., & Tolman, R. M. (1998). Gender and contextual factors in
adolescent dating violence. Violence against Women, 4 (2),
180-194. (Subjects were 635 high school students <305 girls; 330
boys> who
completed
a modified version of the CTS. Results indicate that there was no
significant difference between males and females in their experience of
overall dating biolence <37.1% of males vs. 36.4% of females. males
reported greater frequency of moderate violence and females
reported
greater frequency of severe violence.)
Monson, C. M., &
Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J. (2002). Sexual and nonsexual dating
violence perpetration: testing an integrated perpetrator
typology. Violence and Victims, 17, 403-428. (A sample of
228 men and 442 women were assessed with a modified version of the
CTS2. Results reveal 27% of men and 37% of women reported
perpetrating physical violence on their partners.)
Morse,
B. J. (1995). Beyond the Conflict Tactics Scale: Assessing gender
differences in partner violence. Violence and Victims, 10 (4),
251-272. (Data was analyzed from the National Youth Survey, a
longitudinal study
begun in 1976 with 1,725 subjects who were drawn from a
probability
sample of households in the United States and who, in 1976, were
between
the ages of 11-17. This study focused on violence as assessed by
the CTS between male and female married or cohabiting respondents
during
survey years 1983 <n=1,496>, 1986 <n=1,384>, 1989
<n=1,436>, and
1992 <n=1,340>. For each survey year the prevalence rates
of any
violence and severe violence were significantly higher for female to
male
than for male to female. For example, in 1983 the rate of any
violence
male to female was 36.7, while the rate of any violence female to male
was 48; in 1986, the rate of severe violence male to female was 9.5,
while
the rate of severe violence female to male was 22.8. In 1992, the
rate of any violence male to female was 20.2, with a severe violence
rate
male to female of 5.7; while the rate of any violence female to male
was
27.9, with a severe violence rate female to male of 13.8. Author
notes that the decline in violence over time is attributed to the
increase
in age of the subjects. Results reveal <p. 163> that over
twice
as many women as men reported assaulting a partner who had not
assaulted
them during the study year." In 1986 about 20% of both men and
women
reported that assaults resulted in physical injuries. In other
years
women were more likely to self report personal injuries.)
Moxon, S. (2011). Beyond staged
retreat behind virtual 'gender paradigm' barricades: the rise and fall
of the misrepresentation of partner-violence, and its eclipse by an
understanding of mate-guarding. Journal of Aggression, Conflict
and Peace Research, 3, 45-56. (Author offers an original analysis
of findings in the area of partner violence. Suggests that
gender-symmetries in intimate partner violence can best be understood
from an evolutionary psychological perspective. In particular,
"the greater need for women than for men to maintain the integrity of
the pair bond" is offered as an explanation to account for the finding
that women are as physically aggressive or more aggressive as men in
their relationship with spouses or male partners.)
Munoz-Rivas, M. J., Grana, J. L.,
O'Leary, K. D., & Gonzalez, M. P. (2007). Aggression in
adolescent dating relationships: prevalence, justification, and health
consequences. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40, 298-304. (A
sample of 2416 high school students <1416 women, 1000 men> from
20 different schools in Madrid, Spain completed a modified CTS. Results
reveal that significantly more women, 41.9% compared to 31.7%
of men, admitted to perpetrating some form of physical aggression
toward their dating partners. Women were significantly more
likely to hit or kick <13.4% vs 5.3%>, slap <12.4% vs 3.1%>
and shove or grab <22.5% vs 11.9%> than men.)
Murphy, J. E. (1988). Date abuse
and forced intercourse among
college
students. In G. P. Hotaling, D. Finkelhor, J. T. Kirkpatrick,
&
M. A. Straus (Eds.) Family Abuse and its Consequences: New
Directions
in Research (pp. 285-296). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. (A sample of
485 single college students <230 men, 255 women> completed the
CTS. Overall men reported greater victimization than women. For
example,
20.7% of men compared to 12.8% of women reported being kicked, bit or
hit
with a fist and 6% of men compared to 3.6% of women reported being
beaten
up by their heterosexual partner.)
Mwamwenda,
T. S. (1998). Reports of husband battering from an undergraduate
sample in Umtata. Psychological Reports, 82, 517-518. (Surveyed
a sample of 138 female and 81 male college students in Transkei, South
Africa, regarding their witnessing husbanding battery. Responses
reveal that 2% of subjects saw their mother beat their father, 18% saw
or heard female relatives beating their husbands, and 26% saw or heard
female neighbors beating their husbands.)
Niaz,
U., Hassan, S., & Tariq, Q. (2002). Psychological
consequences
of intimate partner violence: forms of domestic abuse in both
genders. Pakistan Journal of Medical Science, 18 (3), 205-214. (A
sample
of
140 <70 men, 70 women> outpatient psychiatric patients in
Pakistan were
assessed with the Karachi Domestic Violence Screening Scale. Findings
reveal that 19 men <27%> and 30 women <43%> reported being
victims
of physical abuse in their domestic relationships.)
Nicholls,
T. L. & Dutton, D. G. (2001). Abuse committed by women
against
male intimates. Journal of Couples Therapy, 10 (1), 41-57. (A
comprehensive review of the literature which concludes that "men are
as likely as women to be victims of intimate assaults.")
Nisonoff,
L. & Bitman, I. (1979). Spouse abuse: Incidence and
relationship
to selected demographic variables. Victimology, 4,
131-140. (In a sample of 297 telephone survey respondents <112 men,
185
women>
found that 15.5% of men and 11.3% of women report having hit their
spouse,
while 18.6% of men and 12.7% of women report having been hit by their
spouse.)
O'Keefe,
M. (1997). Predictors of dating violence among high school
students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12, 546-568. (Surveyed 939
students
<385 boys, 554 girls> ranging in age from 14-20. Sample was
ethnically
diverse: 53% Latino, 20% White, 13% African-American, 6.7% Asian
American,
and 7% "other." A modified version of the violence subscale of
the
Conflict Tactics Scale was used to assess dating violence. Results
reveal that 43% of females and 39% of males reported that they
perpetrated
some form of physical aggression on their dating partners.)
O'Keeffe,
N. K., Brockopp, K., & Chew, E. (1986). Teen dating
violence. Social Work, 31, 465-468. (Surveyed 256 high school students
from
Sacramento, CA., 135 girls, 121 boys, with the CTS. Ninety
percent
of students were juniors or seniors, the majority came from middle
class
homes, 94% were average or better students, and 65% were white and 35%
were black, Hispanic or Asian. Found that 11.9% of girls compared
to 7.4% of boys admitted to being sole perpetrators of physical
violence. 17.8% of girls and 11.6% of boys admitted that they were both
"victims
and perpetrators" of physical violence.)
O'Leary,
K. D., Barling, J., Arias, I., Rosenbaum, A., Malone, J., & Tyree,
A. (1989). Prevalence and stability of physical aggression
between
spouses: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Consulting and
Clinical
Psychology, 57, 263-268. (272 couples were assessed regarding
physical
aggression. More women reported physically aggressing against
their
partners at premarriage <44% vs 31%> and 18 months of marriage
<36%
vs 27%>. At 30 months there was a nonsignificant but higher
rate
for women <32% vs 25%>.)
O'Leary, K. D., Slep, A. M. S.,
Avery-Leaf, S., & Cascardi, M. (2008). Gender differences in
dating aggression among multiethnic high school students. Journal
of Adolescent Health, 42, 473-479. (A sample of 2363 students
<1186 boys, 1177 girls> from 7 multiethnic high schools in New
York were assessed with a modified Conflict Tactics Scale. The
vast majority of subjects were between 15 and 18 years old and
ethnicities included white, African-American, Hispanic and Asian.
Results reveal that among those currently dating students <male=543,
female=706> 24% of males reported perpetrating physical aggression
compared to 40% of females who reported perpetrating physical
aggression. Similar rates of victimization and injury were
reported by males and females. No differences in ethnicities were
reported except for the finding that Asian males were less aggressive
toward their dating partners.)
O'Leary, K. D., Tintle, N., Bromet, E. J., & Gluzman, S. F.
(2008). Descriptive epidemiology of intimate partner aggression
in Ukraine. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43,
619-626. (A nationally representative sample from the Ukraine
consisting of 1,116 married or co-habiting adults <558 men, 558
women> responded to items modified from the CTS. Results
indicate that an equal number <18.7% vs 18.5%> of men and women
reported ever aggressing against their partners and equal numbers
<11.4% vs 11.3%> report aggressing against their partners in the
past year.)
O'Leary,
S. G., & Slep, A. M. S. (2006). Precipitants of Partner
Aggression. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 344-347. (A
random sample of 453 couples, who were cohabiting and raising a child
between the ages of 3-7, was assessed with the CTS2 and a scale to
evaluate precipitants for Partner Aggression <PCPT>. Results
reveal that women were more likely than men to perpetrate both
mild <23.8% vs 33.8%> and severe <8.4% vs 11.5%>
aggression. With regards to precipitation, the authors state
that, "Men were more likely than women to report partner physical
aggression as a precipitant for their own mild physical
aggression." While the physical aggression of women was more
likely to be precipitated by their partner's verbal aggression, authors
go on to conclude, "These findings suggest that women may often be the
first to escalate a conflict and use physical aggression.")
Olshen, E., McVeigh, K. H., Wunsch-Hitzig, R. A., & Rickert, V. I.
(2007). Dating violence, sexual assault and suicide attempts
among urban teenagers. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine,
161, 539-545. (A representative sample consisting of 8080
teenagers <4118 girls, 3962 boys> from 87 New York City public
high schools were subjects in this investigation. Individuals
responded to the question: "during the past 12 months did your
boyfriend (or girlfriend) ever hit, slap or physically hurt you on
purpose." Results reveal that 10.6% of girls and 9.5% of boys
reported an experience of dating violence.)
Pedersen,
P. & Thomas, C. D. (1992). Prevalence and correlates of
dating
violence in a Canadian University sample. Canadian Journal of
Behavioural
Science, 24, 490-501. (A sample of 166 undergraduates <116
women,
50 men> responded to the CTS; 45.8% of subjects reported
experiencing physical
violence in their current or most recent dating relationship. Of
this total, 44.8% of women and 48% of men reported being physically
aggressed
upon by their partners. It was also found that only 22% of men
and
40.5% of women reported using physical aggression against a dating
partner.)
Pekarek, C. (2008). Intimate partner violence and interracial
relationships: Prevalence, perceived social support and gender.
Unpublished master's thesis, California State University, Long
Beach. Long Beach, CA. (A total of 203 subjects. <36
men, 167 women> of various ethnicities responded to the CTS2. No
differences in partner abuse were found as a function of
ethnicity. Women were significantly more likely to perpetrate
violence toward their male partners than were men toward women.)
Plass, M. S., & Gessner, J. C.
(1983). Violence in courtship
relations: a southern sample. Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology,
11, 198-202. (In an opportunity sample of 195 high school and
college
students from a large southern city, researchers used the Conflict
Tactics
scale to examine courtship violence. Overall, results reveal that women
were significantly more likely than men to be aggressors. Specifically,
in, committed relationships, women were three times as likely as men to
slap their partners, and to kick, bit or hit with the fist seven times
as often as men. In casual relationships, while the gender
differences
weren't as pronounced, women were more aggressive than men. Other
findings
reveal that high school students were more abusive than college
students,
and that a "higher proportion of black respondents were involved as
aggressors.")
Prospero, M. (2007). Mental
health symptoms among female and male victims of partner
violence. American Journal of Men's Health, 1, 269-277. (An
ethnically diverse sample <27% Hispanic, 18% African-American, 24%
Asian, and 30% White> of 573 college students <241 male, 332
female> responded to the CTS2 and a mental healthy symptom
questionnaire. Results reveal no differences between males and
females on partner abuse. Author reports that "higher mental
health problems were not related to whether the victim was
female or male, but rather to the amount of partner violence that the
victim experienced.")
Prospero, M. (2009). Sex-symmetric effects of coercive behaviors
on mental health? Not exactly. Journal of Interpersonal
Violence, 24 (1), 128-146. (A diverse sample of 573 <332
female, 241 male> university students <30% white, 27% Hispanic,
24% Asian, and 18% African American responded to items from the
CTS. Results reveal that 46.4% of females reported being
physically victimized by their male partners, while 41.9% of males
reported being victimized by their female partners.)
Randle,
A. A. & Graham, C. A. (2011). A review of the evidence on the
effects of intimate partner violence on men. Psychology of Men
& Masculinity, 12, (2) 96-111. (A review article that
examines "empirical evidence on the effects of intimate partner
violence in men.")
Ridley,
C. A., & Feldman, C. M. (2003). Female domestic violence
toward
male partners: Exploring conflict responses and outcomes. Journal
of Family Violence, 18 (3), 157-170. (Participants were 153
female
volunteers who completed the Abusive Behavior Inventory. Results
reveal that 67.3% of participants reported at least one occurrence of
perpetrating
violent behavior in the past year. Most frequent behaviors
included
pushing, shoving, holding down <45.1%> and slapping, hitting,
biting
<41.2%>.)
Riggs, D. S., & O'Leary, K. D.
(1996). Aggression between heterosexual dating partners. Journal of
Interpersonal Violence, 11, 519-540. (A sample of 345
college students <232 women, 113 men> were assessed with the
CTS. Results reveal similar overall rates of physical violence
toward dating partners: 30% for men and 33.6% for women. However,
authors report that 18.2% of women compared to 9.0% of men slapped
their partners and 13.2% of women compared to 2.5% of men reported
"kicking, biting or hitting" their partners.)
Riggs,
D. S., O'Leary, K. D., & Breslin, F. C. (1990). Multiple correlates
of physical aggression in dating couples. Journal of Interpersonal
Violence,
5, 61-73. (Used CTS and studied 408 college students <125 men and
283
women>. Found that significantly more women <39%> than
men <23%>
reported engaging in physical aggression against their current
partners.)
Rollins,
B. C., & Oheneba-Sakyi, Y. (1990). Physical violence in Utah
households. Journal of Family Violence, 5, 301-309. (In a
random
sample of 1,471 Utah households, using the Conflict Tactics Scale, it
was
found that women's rate of severe violence was 5.3% compared to a male
rate of 3.4%.)
Rosenfeld,
R.
(1997). Changing relationships between men and women. A
note on the decline in intimate partner violence. Homicide
Studies,
1, 72-83. (Author reports on homicide rates in ST. Louis from
1968-1992. Findings indicate that while men and women were equally
likely to be
victims
of partner violence in 1970, in subsequent years men, primarily
black
men, were more likely to be murdered by their intimate partners.)
Rouse,
L. P. (1988). Abuse in dating relationships: A comparison of
Blacks,
Whites, and Hispanics. Journal of College Student Development,
29,
312-319. (The use of physical force and its consequences were
examined
in a diverse sample of college students. Subjects consisted of
130
whites <58 men, 72 women>, 64 Blacks <32 men, 32 women>,
and 34 Hispanics
<24 men, 10 women>. Men were significantly more likely than
women
to report that their partners used moderate physical force and caused a
greater number of injuries requiring medical attention. This
gender
difference was present for Whites and Blacks but not for Hispanics.)
Rouse, L. P., Breen, R., & Howell,
M. (1988). Abuse in
intimate
relationships. A Comparison of married and dating college
students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 3, 414-429. (A sample of
130 married
(48 men, 82 women) college students and 130 college students in dating
relationships (58 men, 72 women) reported their experience of physical
abuse in intimate relationships. Men were more likely to report
being
physically abused than women in both dating and marital relationships.)
Russell,
R. J. H., & Hulson, B. (1992). Physical and psychological
abuse
of heterosexual partners. Personality and Individual Differences,
13, 457-473. (In a pilot study in Great Britain 46 couples
responded
to the Conflict Tactics Scale. Results reveal that husband to
wife
violence was: Overall violence= 25% and severe violence= 5.8%; while
wife
to husband violence was: Overall violence= 25% and severe
violence=11.3%.)
Ryan,
K. A. (1998). The relationship between courtship violence and
sexual
aggression in college students. Journal of Family Violence, 13,
377-394. (A sample of 656 college students <245 men, 411 women>
completed
the TS. Thirty four percent of the women and 40% of the men
reported
being victims of their partner's physical aggression.)
Sack,
A. R., Keller, J. F., & Howard, R. D. (1982). Conflict
tactics
and violence in dating situations. International Journal of
Sociology
of the Family, 12, 89-100. (Used the CTS with a sample of 211
college
students, 92 men, 119 women. Results indicate that there were no
differences between men and women with regard to the expression of
physical
violence.)
Saenger,
G. (1963). Male and female relations in the American comic strip. In D.
M. White & R. H. Abel (Eds.), The funnies, an American idiom
(pp. 219-231). Glencoe, NY: The Free Press. (Twenty consecutive
editions
of all comic strips in nine New York City newspapers in October, 1950
were
examined. Results reveal that husbands were victims of
aggression
in 63% of conflict situations while wives were victims in 39% of
situations. In addition, wives were more aggressive in 73% of domestic
situations,
in 10% of situations, husbands and wives were equally aggressive and in
only 17% of situations were husbands more violent than wives.)
Saewyc, E. M., Brown, D., Plane, M., Mundt,
M. P., Zakletskaia, L., Wiegel, J. & Fleming, M. F. (2009). Gender
Differences in violence exposure among university students
attending campus health clinics in the United States and Canada.
Journal of Adolescent Health. (Data was collected from a cross
sectional survey of 2091 students <717 men, 1374 women> at five
universities who came for routine primary care. Subjects were
primarily white (82%) and responded to items from the CTS. Results
indicate that, "both men and women reported a similar
prevalence of physical violence from intimate partners."
Sarantakos,
S. (2004). Deconstructing self-defense in wife-to-husband
violence. Journal of Men's Studies, 12 (3), 277-296. (Members of 68
families
with violent wives in Australia were studied. In 78% of cases
wives'
violence was reported to be moderate to severe and in 38% of cases
husbands
needed medical attention. Using information from husbands, wives,
children and wives' mothers study provides compelling data challenging
self defense as a motive for female-to-male violence.)
Sarlar. S., Dsouza, R., Dasgupta,
A., & Fiebert, M.S. (2008, April). Men as victims of domestic
violence in India. Poster session presented at the annual meeting
of the Western Psychological Association, Irvine, CA. (A
convenience sample of married, middle class, men from all parts of
India responded to modified version of the CTS. Findings reveal
that 25.1% of subjects reported at least one incident, within the past
year, of physical violence from their wives.
Schafer,
J., Caetano, R., & Clark, C. L. (1998). Rates of intimate
partner
violence in the United States. American journal of Public Health,
88, 1702-1704. (Used modified CTS and examined reports of partner
violence in a representative sample of 1635 married and cohabiting
couples. Both partners reports were used to estimate the following
lower and
upper
bound rates: 5.21% and 13.61% for male to female violence, and 6.22%
and
18.21 % for female to male violence.)
Schumacher,
J. A. & Leonard, K. E. (2005). Husbands' and wives' marital
adjustment,
verbal aggression, and physical aggression as longitudinal predictors
of
physical aggression in early marriage. Journal of Consulting and
Clinical Psychology, 73, 28-37. (A sample of 634 newly married
couples
<approximately 60% Euro-American and 30% African-American>
completed
the revised CTS on 3 occasions over three years. The prevalence
of
wife to husband aggression was 48%, 45%, and 41%, while husband to wife
aggression was 37%, 38%, and 37%.)
Schwartz, M., O'Leary, S. G., &
Kendziora, K. T. (1997). Dating aggression among high school
students. Violence and Victims, 12, 295-305. (A sample of
228 <122 male, 106 female> high school students were assessed
with the Conflict Tactics Scale as it related to the use of physical
aggression during an argument with an opposite sex dating
partner. Results indicate that 44% of females and only 16% of
males reported engaging in at least one physically aggressive behavior
during a disagreement. Authors speculate that culturally boys
have inhibited their dating aggression, girls have become less
intimidated by their dating partners than they once were. Authors
cite research which shows that parents are more likely to punish boys
than girls when they fight with their siblings.)
Sharpe,
D., & Taylor, J. K. (1999). An examination of variables from
a social-developmental model to explain physical and psychological
dating
violence. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 31:3,
165-175. (Canadian college students <110 men, 225 women> were
surveyed
with the
Conflict Tactics Scale regarding dating violence. Results reveal
that 38% of men and 27% of women report receiving physical violence
from
their partners. Twice as many women compared to men reported
inflicting
violence without receiving physical violence from dating partners.)
Shook,
N. J., Gerrity, D. A., Jurich, J. & Segrist, A. E. (2000).
Courtship
violence among college students: A comparison of verbally and
physically
abusive couples. Journal of Family Violence, 15, 1-22. (A
modified
Conflict Tactics Scale was administered to 572 college students <395
women; 177 men>. Results reveal that significantly more women
than
men, 23.5% vs 13.0%, admitted using physical force against a dating
partner.)
Sigelman,
C. K., Berry, C. J., & Wiles, K. A. (1984). Violence in
college
students' dating relationships. Journal of Applied Social
Psychology,
5, 530-548. (Surveyed 504 college students <116 men, 388
women>
with the Conflict Tactics Scale and found that men and women were
similar
in the overall amount of violence they expressed but that men reported
experiencing significantly more violence than women.)
Simonelli,
C. J. & Ingram, K. M. (1998). Psychological distress among men
experiencing
physical and emotional abuse in heterosexual dating relationships.
Journal
of Interpersonal Violence, 13, 667-681. (Responses from 70 male
undergraduates
to the CTS and a Psychological Maltreatment Inventory revealed that 40%
reported being the target of some form of physical aggression from
their
female dating partners while only 23% reported expressing physical
aggression
to their partners. Men who were victims of emotional and physical abuse
also reported greater levels of distress and depression.)
Simonelli,
C. J., Mullis, T., Elliot, A. N., & Pierce, T. W. (2002). Abuse by
siblings and subsequent experiences of violence within the dating
relationship.
Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17, 103-121. (A sample of 120
undergraduates
<61 men, 59 women> completed the CTS. Ten percent of men and 33%
of
women reported that they perpetrated at least one type of physical
aggressive
behavior against their dating partner and 18% of men and 15% of women
reported
receiving physical aggression from their dating partner.)
Sommer,
R. (1994). Male and female partner abuse: Testing a
diathesis-stress
model. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, Canada. (The study was in two waves: the first was from
1989-1990 and included a random sample of 452 married or cohabiting
women
and 447 married or cohabiting men from Winnipeg, Canada; the second was
from 1991-1992 and included 368 women and 369 men all of whom
participated
in the first wave. Subjects completed the CTS & other assessment
instruments.
39.1% of women reported being physically aggressive (16.2%
reporting
having perpetrated severe violence) at some point in their relationship
with their male partner. While 26.3% of men reported being
physically
aggressive (with 7.6% reporting perpetrating severe violence) at some
point
in their relationship with their female partner. Among the perpetrators
of partner abuse, 34.8% of men and 40.1% of women reported observing
their
mothers hitting their fathers. Results indicate that 21% of
"males'
and 13% of females' partners required medical attention as a result of
a partner abuse incident." Results also indicate that "10% of women and
15% of men perpetrated partner abuse in self defense.")
Sommer,
R., Barnes, G. E. & Murray, R. P. (1992). Alcohol
consumption,
alcohol abuse, personality and female perpetrated spouse abuse. Journal
of Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 1315-1323. (The
responses
from a subsample of 452 women drawn from a sample of 1,257 Winnipeg
residents
were analyzed. Using the CTS, it was found that 39% of women
physically
aggressed against their male partners at some point in their
relationship.
Younger women with high scores on Eysenck's P scale were most likely to
perpetrate violence. Note: The sample of subjects is the same as
the one cited in Sommer's 1994 dissertation.)
Sorenson,
S. B., & Telles, C. A. (1991). Self reports of spousal
violence
in a Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white population. Violence
and Victims, 6, 3-15. (Surveyed 1,243 Mexican-Americans and 1,149
non-Hispanic
whites and found that women compared to men reported higher rates of
hitting,
throwing objects, initiating violence, and striking first more than
once. Gender difference was significant only for non-Hispanic whites.)
Sorenson,
S. B., Upchurch, D. M., & Shen, H. (1996). Violence and
injury
in marital arguments: risk patterns and gender differences. American
Journal of Public Health, 66 (1), 35-40. (Data analysis was based
on findings from the National Survey of Families and Households
conducted
in 1987-88. Subjects included 6779 currently married White, Black
and Hispanic individuals who completed a modified version of the
Conflict
Tactics Scale. Authors report that, "women <6.2% vs 4.9%>
were
slightly more likely than men to report that they had hit, shoved or
thrown
something at their spouse in the previous year." Women also
reported
higher rates of causing injury than did men. Other findings of
note:
1) Blacks were 1.58 times more likely and Hispanics 0.53 times less
likely
than Whites to report that physical violence occurred in their
relationship;
2) Subjects under 30 reported more violence and those above 50 reported
less violence; 3) lower annual income was associated with higher rates
of physical violence.)
Spencer, G. A., & Bryant, S. A.
(2000). Dating violence: A
comparison
of rural, suburban and urban teens. Journal of Adolescent Health,
25 (5), 302-305. (A sample of 2094 high school students in upper
New York State indicated their experience of physical dating
violence. There were a similar number of boys and girls surveyed, with
more
subjects
from urban areas than rural or suburban areas. The majority of
subjects
were white non-Hispanic. Males in each region were more likely to
report being victims of physical dating violence than females in each
region. Specifically, 30% of rural boys and 20% of urban and 20% of
suburban
boys
reported being victims of partner physical aggression while 25% of
rural
girls and 16% of suburban and 13% of urban girls reported
victimization.)
Stacy, C. L., Schandel, L. M.,
Flannery, W. S., Conlon, M., & Milardo, R. M. (1994). It's
not all moonlight and roses: dating violence at the University of
Maine, 1982-1992. College Student Journal, 28, 2-9. (Three
separate samples of students were assessed in 1982, 1987 and 1992 with
the CTS. Authors report that the rate of partner abuse has more
than doubled over a 10 year period. In 1992 the data collected
from 53 men and 106 women revealed the overall rate of violence
perpetrated by men was 20.8% while the rate perpetrated by women was
41.5%.)
Steinmetz, S. K. (1977-78). The
battered husband syndrome. Victimology: An International Journal, 2,
499-509. (A pioneering
article
suggesting that the incidence of husband beating was similar to the
incidence
of wife beating.)
Steinmetz,
S. K. (1980). Women and violence: victims and perpetrators.
American
Journal of Psychotherapy, 34, 334-350. (Examines the apparent
contradiction
in women's role as victim and perpetrator in domestic violence.)
Steinmetz,
S. K. (1981). A cross cultural comparison of marital abuse. Journal of
Sociology and Social Welfare, 8, 404-414. (Using a
modified
version of the CTS, examined marital violence in small samples from six
societies: Finland, United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, Belize, and
Israel
<total n=630>. Found that "in each society the percentage
of husbands
who used violence was similar to the percentage of violent
wives."
The major exception was Puerto Rico where men were more violent. Author
also reports that, "Wives who used violence... tended to use
greater
amounts.")
Stets,
J. E. & Henderson, D. A. (1991). Contextual factors
surrounding
conflict resolution while dating: results from a national study. Family
Relations, 40, 29-40. (Drawn from a random national
telephone
survey, daters <n=277; men=149, women=128> between the ages of 18
and
30, who were single, never married and in a relationship during the
past
year which lasted at least two months with at least six dates were
examined
with the Conflict Tactics Scale. Findings reveal that over 30% of
subjects used physical aggression in their relationships, with 22% of
the
men and 40% of the women reported using some form of physical
aggression. Women were "6 times more likely than men to use severe
aggression
<19.2%
vs. 3.4%>...Men were twice as likely as women to report receiving
severe
aggression <15.7% vs. 8%>." Also found that younger
subjects and
those of lower socioeconomic status <SES> were more likely to use
physical
aggression.)
Stets,
J. E., & Pirog-Good, M. A. (1987). Violence in dating
relationships,
Social Psychology Quarterly, 50, 237-246. (Examined a college
sample
of 505 white students. Found that men and women were similar in
both
their use and reception of violence. Jealousy was a factor in
explaining
dating violence for women.)
Stets, J. E. & Pirog-Good, M. A.
(1989). Patterns of physical
and sexual abuse for men and women in dating relationships: A
descriptive
analysis, Journal of Family Violence, 4, 63-76. (Examined a
sample of 287 college students <118 men and 169 women> and found
similar
rates for men and women of low level physical abuse in dating
relationships. More women than men were pushed or shoved <24% vs
10%> while more
men
than women were slapped <12% vs 8%>. In term of unwanted
sexual
contact 22% of men and 36% of women reported such behavior. The
most
frequent category for both men <18%> and women <19%> was
the item,
"against my will my partner initiated necking".)
Stets, J. E., & Pirog-Good, M.
A. (1990). Journal of Personal and Social Relations, 7,
371-394. (A random sample of white heterosexual college students
<335 men, 448 women> were assessed with the CTS. Findings
reveal that women compared to men perpetrated significantly more mild
and severe aggression toward their dating partners and men compared to
women sustained significantly more mild and severe aggression from
their dating partners.)
Stets,
J. E., & Straus, M. A. (1990). Gender differences in
reporting
marital violence and its medical and psychological consequences. In M.
A. Straus & R. J. Gelles (Eds.), Physical violence in
American
families: Risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8,145 families
(pp.
151-166). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. (Reports information
regarding
the initiation of violence. In a sample of 297 men and 428 women,
men said they struck the first blow in 43.7% of cases, and their
partner
hit first in 44.1% of cases and could not disentangle who hit first in
remaining 12.2%. Women report hitting first in 52.7% of cases,
their
partners in 42.6% and could not disentangle who hit first in remaining
4.7%. Authors conclude that violence by women is not primarily
defensive.)
Stockdale, G. L.
(1998). Men's Accounts of Domestic Violence. Unpublished
master's thesis. Deakin University, Australia. (Twenty male
victims of domestic violence were interviewed using a semi-structured
protocol. Many subjects incurred sever physical violence and were
"mostly disturbed by false accusations of violence on their part, and
their partner's use of their children against the, which they felt were
supported by the legal system and the community.")
Straus,
M. (1980). Victims and aggressors in marital violence. American
Behavioral
Scientist, 23, 681-704. (Reviews data from the 1975 National
Survey. Examined a subsample of 325 violent couples and found that in
49.5% of
cases both husbands and wives committed at least one violent act, while
husbands alone were violent in 27.7% of the cases and wives alone
were
violent in 22.7% of the cases. Found that 148 violent husbands
had
an average number of 7.1 aggressive acts per year while the 177 violent
wives averaged 6.8 aggressive acts per year.)
Straus,
M. A. (1995). Trends in cultural norms and rates of partner
violence:
An update to 1992. In S. M. Stich & M. A. Straus (Eds.)
Understanding partner violence: Prevalence, causes, consequences, and
solutions
(pp. 30-33). Minneapolis, MN: National Council on Family
Relations.
(Reports finding that while the approval of a husband slapping his wife
declined dramatically from 1968 to 1994 <21% to 10%> the approval
of
a wife slapping her husband did not decline but remained at 22% during
the same period. The most frequently mentioned reason for
slapping
for both partners was sexual unfaithfulness. Also reports that
severe
physical assaults by men declined by 48% from 1975 to 1992--38/1000 to
19/1000 while severe assaults by women did not change from 1975 to 1992
and remained above 40/1000. Suggests that public service
announcements
should be directed at female perpetrated violence and that school based
programs "explicitly recognize and condemn violence by girls as well as
boys.")
Straus,
M. A. (1998). The controversy over domestic violence by women: A
methodological, theoretical, and sociology of science analysis. Paper
presented at Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology,
Claremont,
CA. (Examines issue of differential rates of assaults between
crime
studies and couple conflict studies. Provides a sociological
explanation
to account for assaults by women within the family.)
Straus,
M. A. (2001). Prevalence of violence against dating partners by
male
and female university students worldwide. Violence Against Women,
10, 790-811. (Dating aggression was studied at 31 universities in
16 countries worldwide. Responding to the revised Conflict
Tactics
Scale were 8666 students <5919 women, 2747 men>. Results
reveal
that overall 25% of men and 28% of women assaulted their dating partner
in the past year. At 21 of the 31 universities studied a larger
percentage
of women than men assaulted their dating partner. In terms of
severe
assaults a higher rate of perpetration by women occurred in a majority
(18 of the 31) of the sites.)
Straus,
M. A. (2005). Women's violence toward men is a serious social
problem. In D. R. Loseke, R. J. Gelles, & M. M. Cavanaugh (Eds.),
Current
Controversies
on Family Violence, 2nd Edition, (pp. 55-77). Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage. (A scholarly review of research showing that women initiate
physical assaults on their male partners as frequently as men assault
women. Examines the fact that injuries and fatalities result from such
violence.)
Straus, M. A. (2006). Future
research on gender symmetry in physical assaults on partners. Violence
Against Women, 12, 1086-1097. (A review article and
position statement in which author advocates a research focus on why
gender symmetry in partner aggression is predominant and its
implications for primary prevention and treatment. Suggests that
such research is handicapped for a number of reasons including
bias. Specifically cites concerns about some researchers who are
blindly committed to a single causal theory-patriarchy & male
dominance -- as well as "denial of research grants to projects that do
not assume most partner violence is by male perpetrators."
Authors also expresses concerns about "failure to investigate primary
prevention & treatment for female offenders" and a suppression of
evidence "of female perpetration by both researchers and agencies.")
Straus, M. A. (2007). Processes
explaining the concealment and distortion of evidence on
gender symmetry in partner violence. European Journal of Criminal
Policy Research, 13, 227-232. (Focuses on methods used to conceal
and distort evidence of gender symmetry in partner violence. These
include the suppression of evidence, the avoidance of data
inconsistent with "Patriarchal Dominance Theory," the obstruction of
the publication of articles & the funding of research that might
contradict the idea that male dominance in the cause of PV, and the
harassment of researchers who produce evidence that contradicts
feminist beliefs.)
Straus,
M. A. (2008). Dominance and symmetry in partner violence by
male and female university students in 32 nations. Paper
presented
on Trends in Intimate Violence Intervention, sponsored by University of
Haifa and New York University. New York University. (A
convenience
sample of 13,601 students <71.5% women, 28.5% men> at 68
universities
in 32 countries completed the CTS2. Findings reveal that almost a
third of students assaulted their dating partners in a 12 month
period. In terms of initiation, mutual aggression accounted for 68.6%
of
physical
violence, while women initiated violence 21.4% of the time and men
initiated
violence 9.9% of the time.)
Straus, M. A. (2009). Gender
symmetry in partner violence: evidence and implications for prevention
and treatment. In J. R. Lutzker and D. J. Whitaker (Eds.).
Prevention of Partner Violence (pp. 245-271). Washington, D. C.:
American Psychological Association. (A review article that
examines evidence of gender symmetry in partner violence. Also
summarizes studies that show existing efforts at prevention and
treatment have been limited by the conceptualization that partner
violence is primarily violence again women.)
Straus, M. A.
(2009). Current controversies and prevalence concerning female
offenders of intimate partner violence. Why the overwhelming
evidence of partner physical violence by women has not been perceived
and is often denied. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment &
Trauma, 18, 1-19. (A major review and analysis that examines
gender symmetry in intimate partner violence. Discusses reasons
why findings have not been perceived and accepted by practitioners and
the public. Examines the issue of concealment and denial by
academic researchers and the negative effect that misperception &
denial has had on prevention and treatment programs.)
Straus,
M. A., & Gelles, R. J. (1986). Societal change and change in
family violence from 1975 to 1985 as revealed by two national
surveys. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 465-479. (Reviewed
data from
two
large sample national violence surveys of married couples and report
that
men and women assaulted each other at approximately equally rates, with
women engaging in minor acts of violence at a higher rate than men.
Sample
size in 1975 survey=2,143; sample size in 1985 survey=6,002.)
Straus,
M. A., Gelles, R. J., & Steinmetz, S. K. (1981). Behind
closed
doors: Violence in the American family, Garden City, NJ: Anchor.
(Reports findings from National Family Violence survey conducted in
1975. In terms of religion, found that Jewish men had the lowest rates
of
abusive
spousal violence (1%), while Jewish women had a rate of abusive spousal
violence which was more than double the rate for Protestant women
<7%>,
pp. 128-133. Abusive violence was defined as an "act which has a
high potential for injuring the person being hit," pp.21-2.)
Straus,
M. A., Hamby, S. L., Boney-McCoy, S., & Sugarman, D. B.
(1996). The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2). Development and
preliminary
psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues, 17, 283-316. (The
revised CTS has clearer differentiation between minor and severe
violence
and new scales to measure sexual coercion and physical injury. Used
the CTS2 with a sample of 317 college students <114 men, 203
women>
and found that: 49% of men and 31% of women reported being a victim of
physical assault by their partner; 38% of men and 30% of women reported
being a victim of sexual coercion by their partner; and 16% of men and
14% of women reported being seriously injured by their partners.)
Straus,
M. A., & Kaufman Kantor, G. (1994, July). Change in spouse
assault
rates from 1975-1992: A comparison of three national surveys in the
United
States. Paper presented at the Thirteenth World Congress of
Sociology,
Bielefeld, Germany. (Reports that the trend of decreasing severe
assaults by husbands found in the National Survey from 1975 to 1985 has
continued in the 1992 survey while wives maintained higher rates of
assault.)
Straus,
M. A., Kaufman Kantor, G., & Moore, D. W. (1994,
August). Change in cultural norms approving marital violence from 1968
to
1994. Paper presented at the American Sociological Association, Los
Angeles,
CA. (Compared surveys conducted in 1968 <n=1,176>, 1985
<n=6,002>,
1992 <n=1,970>, and 1994 <n=524>, with regard to the
approval of
facial slapping by a spouse. Approval of slapping by husbands
decreased
from 21% in 1968 to 13% in 1985, to 12% in 1992, to 10% in 1994. The
approval of slapping by wives was 22% in 1968 and has not declined
over the years.)
Straus,
M. A., & Medeiros, R. A. (2002, November). Gender differences
in risk factors for physical violence between dating partners by
university
students. Paper presented at annual meeting of the American
Society
for Criminology, Chicago, Illinois. (A sample of 232 men and 334
women responded to revised CTS. Results indicate that for minor
violence
the rates for both men and women are 22% and for severe violence rates
are 10% for men and 11% for women.)
Straus,
M. A., & Mouradian, V. E. (1999, November). Preliminary
psychometric
data for the Personal Relationships Profile (PRP): A multi-scale tool
for
clinical screening and research on partner violence. Paper
presented
at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Toronto,
Canada. (In a study of 1,034 dating couples at two US
universities,
injury rates based on responses to the revised CTS (CTS2) revealed that
9.9% of men and 9.4% of women report being injured by the opposite
sex. In terms of inflicting injuries, 10.1% men and 8.0% women
indicated
that
they inflicted injuries on their partners.)
Straus,
M. A., & Ramirez, I. L. (2002, July). Gender symmetry in
prevalence,
severity, and chronicity of physical aggression against dating partners
by university students in Mexico and USA. Paper presented at the
XV World Meeting of the International Society for Research on
Aggression,
Montreal, Canada. Available at: http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/.
(Reports
findings
from four samples of university students in Juarez,
Mexico,
El Paso and Lubbock, Texas, and New Hampshire. Subjects (N=1,554)
responded to the revised Conflict Tactics Scale. Results indicate
that there were no significant differences between males and females in
either the overall prevalence of physical aggression or the prevalence
of severe attacks. However, when only one partner was violent it
was twice as likely to be the female than the male <19.0% vs
9.8%>. Moreover, in terms of severe aggression females were twice as
likely to
be violent than men <29.8% vs 13.7%>).
Straus, M. A., & Scott,
K. (in press). Gender symmetry in partner violence: The
evidence and implications for primary prevention and treatment. in J.
R. Lutzker & D. J. Whitaker (eds.), Prevention of partner
violence. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological
Association. (A major review article which examines evidence for
gender symmetry in partner abuse and presents recommendations for
primary prevention.)
Sugarman,
D. B., & Hotaling, G. T. (1989). Dating violence: Prevalence,
context, and risk markers. In M. A. Pirog-Good & J. E. Stets
(Eds.) Violence in dating relationships: Emerging social issues
(pp.3-32). New York: Praeger. (Reviewed 21 studies of dating behavior
and
found
that women reported having expressed violence at higher rates than
men--329
per 1000 vs 393 per 1000.)
Sugihara, Y., & Warner, J. A.
(2002). Dominance and domestic abuse among Mexican Americans:
gender differences in the etiology of violence in intimate
relationships. Journal of Family Violence, 17 (4), 315-340. (A sample
of 316 Mexican Americans <161 men, 155 women> were
evaluated with the CTS2. Subjects' average age was in the mid
30's, most were married, and all were English-speakers. Results
reveal no differences in the victimization of physical assaults <35%
vs 37%>. However, a greater percentage of men <14 vs 10>
reported physical injuries.)
Swahn, M. H., Simon, T. R., Arias,
I., & Bossarte, R. M. (2008). Measuring sex differences in
violence victimization and perpetration within date and same-sex peer
relationships. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23,
1120-1138. (Data was obtained from The Youth Violence Survey
conducted in 2004 in a high risk community. All public school
students in grades 7, 9, 11, 12 were surveyed. Items were similar
to the CTS. Boys <n=1,495> reported greater physical
violence victimization than girls <n=1,372> 32.6% compared to
28.8%.)
Swaroop,
S., & Dsouza, R. (September, 2007). Violence a home truth for
India husbands. http://mynation.net/study-report-indianhusbands.htm
(A
sample
of
1650 Indian husbands between the ages of 15 and 49 were
interviewed
regarding their experience with domestic violence. Authors report
that 25.2% of men report being victims of physical violence.)
Swart, L. A.,
Stevens, M. S. G., & Ricardo, I. (2002). Violence in
adolescents' romantic relationships: findings from a survey amongst
school-going youth in a South African community. Journal of
Adolescence, 25, 385-395. (A sample of 928 students <494
female, 424 male> from 7 schools in South Africa completed a
modified version of the CTS2. Results reveal that 35.3% of males
and 43.5% of females reported perpetrating physical violence in a
romantic relationship within a 12 month period prior to the survey.)
Symons, P. Y., Groer, M. W.,
Kepler-Youngblood, P., & Slater, V. (1994). Journal of Child
and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 7 (3) 14-23. (A sample of 561
rural North Carolina adolescents, predominantly female <77%> and
40% black and 58% white completed a scale assessing dating violence and
family violence. Results reveal that boys were significantly more
likely to experience dating violence than girls.)
Szinovacz,
M. E. (1983). Using couple data as a methodological tool: The case of
marital
violence. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45, 633-644. (Used
Conflict Tactics Scale with 103 couples and found that the wives' rates
of physical aggression was somewhat higher than husbands'.)
Tang,
C. S. (1994). Prevalence of spouse aggression in Hong Kong. Journal of
Family Violence, 9, 347-356. (Subjects were 382
undergraduates
<246 women, 136 men> at the Chinese University in Hong Kong. The
CTS
was used to assess students' evaluation of their parents responses
during
family conflict. 14% of students reported that their parents
engaged
in physical violence. "Mothers were as likely as fathers to use
actual
physical force toward their spouses.")
Tang, C. S.
(1999). Marital power and aggression in a community sample of
Hong Kong Chinese families. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14
(6), 586-602. (A Hong Kong sample of 1,270 Chinese families
<518 men, 752 women> were assessed with the CTS. Across all
conditions of marital power women were significantly more likely to
perpetrate minor violence on their spouses. There was no
significant differences in the perpetration of severe violence.)
Thompson Jr., E. H. (1990). Courtship
violence and the male
role. Men's Studies Review, 7 (3), 1, 4-13. (Subjects were 336
undergraduates
<167 men, 169 women> who completed a modified version of the
CTS. Found that 24.6% of men compared to 28.4% of women expressed
physical
violence
toward their dating partners within the past two years. Found
that
women were twice as likely as men to slap their partners.)
Thompson
Jr., E. H. (1991). The maleness of violence in dating
relationships:
an appraisal of stereotypes. Sex Roles, 24, 261-278. (In a
more extensive presentation of his 1990 article, the author concludes
that,
"a more masculine and/or less feminine gender orientation and
variations
in relationship seriousness proved to be the two strongest predictors
of
both men's and women's involvement in courtship violence.")
Titterington, V. B., & Harper,
L. (2005). Women as the aggressors in intimate partner homicide
in Houston, 1980s to 1990s. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation,
41 (4) 83-98. (Studied prevalence of intimate partner homicide in
Houston from 1985-1999. Results reveal that women were "over 40%
of the offenders in lethal domestic assaults. Both victims and
offenders were disproportionately black . . . black women were equally
(or more) likely than black men to be the perpetrators of intimate
domestic homicide. Among non-Hispanic whites (including Asians,
others) there were 63 female intimate partner homicide offenders for
every 100 male offenders." In the small number of cases involving
Hispanic couples, "women were more likely to be the aggressors in
intimate partner homicide in the latter time period" of the study.)
Tjaden,
P. & Thoennes, N. (2000). Prevalence and consequences of
male-to-female
and female-to-male intimate partner violence as measured by the
National
Violence Against Women Survey. Violence Against Women, 6,
142-161. (Telephone interviews using a modified version of the CTS was
obtained
from 6,934 men and 7,278 women regarding prevalence and consequences of
partner violence. Authors report that women, over the course of
their
lives were 2.9 times more likely to report being physically assaulted
than
men. However, it should be noted that overall reported estimate
of
annual intimate partner violence for women of 1.4% is significantly
lower
than 11-12% estimates from earlier national surveys. Straus
(1998)
characterizes the data from this study as being flawed and
inaccurate. He cites the wording of items as possibly creating "demand
characteristics"
that led subjects to view the survey as a study of crime and thus
restrict
their responses to exclude behavior considered harmless, especially
minor
assaults by women. Thus, he states this unintended demand
characteristics
probably account for the low prevalence rate and 3 to 1 ratio of male
to
female physical assaults.)
Tyree,
A., & Malone, J. (1991). How can it be that wives hit
husbands
as much as husbands hit wives and none of us knew it? Paper
presented
at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association.
(Reviews
the literature and discusses results from their study attempting to
predict
spousal violence. Found that women's violence is correlated with
a history of hitting siblings and a desire to improve contact with
partners.)
Vasquez,
D., & Falcone, R. (1997). Cross gender violence. Annals
of Emergency Medicine, 29 (3), 427-429. (Reports equal cross
gender
violence treated at an Ohio trauma center during an 11 mouth
period. Of 1,400 trauma admissions, 37 patients <18 men, 19
women>
sustained
injuries inflicted by members of the opposite sex. The severity
score
of injury was higher for men than women, 11.4 vs 6.9. The
majority
of men were admitted for stab wounds, 72%; the majority of women for
assault,
53%.)
Vivian,
D., & Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J. (1996). Are bi-directionally
violent couples mutually victimized? In L. K. Hamberger
&
C. Renzetti (Eds.) Domestic partner abuse (pp. 23-52). New York:
Springer. (Authors found using a modified version of the CTS,
that
in a sample of 57 mutually aggressive couples, there were no
significant
differences between husbands' and wives' reports concerning the
frequency
and severity of assault victimization. With regard to injuries,
32
wives and 25 husbands reported the presence of a physical injury which
resulted from partner aggression.)
Waiping,
A. L., & Sporakowski, M. J. (1989). The continuation of
violent
dating relationships among college students. Journal of College
Student
Development, 30, 432-439. (Using a modified version of the CTS,
authors
examined courtship violence in a sample of 422 college students <227
women, 195 men>. Women more often than men <35.3% vs
20.3%> indicated
that they physically abused their partners.)
Watson,
J. M., Cascardi, M., Avery-Leaf, S., & O'Leary, K. D.
(2001). High school students' responses to dating aggression. Victims
and
Violence, 16 (3), 339-348. (Using a modified version of the CTS,
authors examined dating violence in a multi-ethnic sample <43%
Hispanic;
31.5% Caucasian; 15.8% African-American> of New York high school
students
<266 males, 209 females>. Overall, 45.6% of students
reported
experiencing physical aggression from a current or past dating
partner. There were significant differences in self-reported rates of
victimization:
African-American 60%, Caucasian 47% and Hispanic 41%. The only
ethnic
group that showed significant gender differences were Hispanics, with
females
showing higher rates of victimization.)
West, C. M. (2008). "A thin line between love and hate?"
Black men as victims of perpetrators of dating violence. Journal
of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 16, 238-257. (A review
article which examines black men as victims and perpetrators of dating
violence. Author concludes that the rate of "dating violence
perpetrated against black men is unacceptably high.")
West, C. M.,
& Rose, S. (2000). Dating aggression among low income African
American youth. Violence against Women, 6, 470-494. (A
sample of 171 <88 female, 83 male> low income African American
youth were assessed using a modified version of the CTS. Victimization
and perpetration rates were high. Women were
significantly more likely to threaten to hit their partners <66.3%
vs 49.4%>, throw something at partners <62% vs 45%>, slap
their partners <53.3% vs 38.6%>, and hit with something <47.1%
vs 30.9%>.)
Whitaker,
D. J., Haileyesus, T., Swahn, M., & Saltzman, L. S. (2007).
Differences
in frequency of violence and reported injury between relationships with
reciprocal and nonreciprocal intimate partner violence. American
Journal of Public Health, 97, 941-947. (A sample of 11,370 young
adults <46% male, 54% female; 70% white, 15% Black, 10.7% Hispanic,
4.3 % other> aged 18-28, who were drawn from the 2001 National
Longitudinal
Study of Adolescent Health, responded to a modified version of the
CTS. Results indicate that almost 24% of all relationships had some
physical
violence and that half the violence was reciprocal. In
non-reciprocally
violent relationships, women were the perpetrators 70% of the
time. While overall, women were somewhat more likely to be injured than
men,
the authors report that, "in fact, men in relationships with reciprocal
violence were reportedly injured more often <25.2%> than were
women
in relationships with nonreciprocal violence <20.0%>.)
White,
J. W., & Humphrey, (1994). Women's aggression in heterosexual
conflicts. Aggressive Behavior, 20, 195-202. (Eight hundred
and twenty nine women <representing 84% of entering class of
women>
17 and 18 years old, entering the university for the first time
completed
the CTS and other assessment instruments. Results reveal that
51.5%
of subjects used physical aggression at least once in their prior
dating
relationships and, in the past year, 30.2% reported physically
aggressing
against their male partners. Past use of physical aggression was
the best predictor of current aggression. The witnessing and
experiencing
of parental aggression also predicted present aggression.)
White,
J. W., & Kowalski, R. M. (1994). Deconstructing the myth of the
nonaggressive
woman: A feminist analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18,
487-508.
(A review and analysis which acknowledges that "women equal or exceed
men
in number of reported aggressive acts committed within the
family."
Examines a variety of explanations to account for such aggression.)
White,
J. W., & Koss, M. P. (1991). Courtship violence: Incidence in
a national sample of higher education students. Violence and
Victims,
6, 247-256. (In a representative sample of 2,603 women and 2,105
men it was found that 37% of the men and 35% of women inflicted some
form
of physical aggression, while 39% of the men and 32% of the women
received
some form of physical aggression.)
Williams,
S. L., & Frieze, I. (2005a). Courtship behaviors,
relationship
violence, and breakup persistence in college men and women. Psychology
of Women Quarterly, 29, 248-257. (A sample of college students
<215
women and 85 men; 77% Caucasian, 13% African-American, 5% Asian &
the
rest mixed or other> responded to the revised Conflict Tactics
Scale, CTS2. Results revealed that women were significantly more likely
than men to
engage in mild (40% vs 23%) and severe (14% vs 4%) acts of violence
with
their partners.)
Williams,
S. L., & Frieze, I. H. (2005b). Patterns of violent
relationships,
psychological
distress, and marital satisfaction in a national sample of men and
women. Sex Roles, 52 (11/12), 771-784. (Data from a National
Comorbidity
Survey was examined. In a sample of 3,519 men and women it was
found
that 18.4% were involved in a violent relationship. Most
violence,
both mild and severe, was mutual. However, women were more likely
than men to initiate both mild and severe violence.)
Wilson,
M. I. & Daley, M. (1992). Who kills whom in spouse
killings?
On the exceptional sex ratio of spousal homicides in the United
States. Criminology, 30, 189-215. (Authors summarize research which
indicates
that between 1976 and 1985, for every 100 men who killed their wives,
about
75 women killed their husbands. Authors report original data from
a number of cities, e.g., Chicago, Detroit, Houston, where the ratio of
wives as perpetrators exceeds that of husbands.)
Portions of this
paper were presented at the American Psychological Society Convention
in
Washington, D.C. May 24, 1997.
Earlier
versions
of this paper appeared in Sexuality and Culture, 1997, 1, 273-286, and
Sexuality and Culture, 2004, 8, (No. 3-4), 140-177.
Special
thanks to Diane Roe for her assistance in updating this
bibliography.
Copyright,
2009. Martin S. Fiebert
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