Sex,
Lies & Feminism
by
Peter Zohrab
Chapter
11: The Choice/Abortion Myth
1999
Version
1.
Introduction
The
Choice/Abortion Myth is a dramatic illustration of how the rights and power
of women in Western societies take precedence over the rights of men and
children, respectively. The Abortion Myth is the first part of the Choice/Abortion
Myth. The Abortion Myth has it that abortion is not murder, because the
people it kills are not people. This de-humanisation of children is most
developed in the case of unborn children, but mothers who commit infanticide
also tend to be treated leniently in the West -- and so, in Western countries,
we may be seeing the gradual extension of "abortion" to children who have
already been born.
The
Choice Myth has it that women must have choice as to what to do with their
own fertility, because men have no rights except to pick up the tab for
the choices that women make. If a woman signs an abortion form, then the
father has been robbed of his child -- whose existence he may not even
have been aware of. If she doesn't sign an abortion form, then he is saddled
with a child whom he has to bring up, or whose upkeep he has to subsidise
willy-nilly -- and he may have thought that she was infertile or protected
by contraception.
There
are two types of murder that all Western societies permit -- warfare and
abortion. Warfare is when people (mainly men) risk their lives to kill
other people (mainly men) for the benefit of the whole of their Society.
Abortion is when women risk very little to get a defenceless person killed
for their own selfish benefit. This illustrates superbly clearly how modern
Western societies are centred around the needs of women, to the detriment
of everyone else. The only time that Feminists are actively opposed to
abortion and infanticide is when it occurs in Third-World countries and
the victims are largely female!
2. Choice for Men
Here
is how the "Position Paper on Men's Reproductive Choice" (World Wide Web:
http://www.rahul.net/c4m/c4m.html)
sees the issue.
"Men
are entitled to a reproductive 'choice', and should be allowed to terminate
their parental rights and responsibilities during a limited period.
It's
beyond question that unplanned parenthood can completely disrupt a man's
life. It disrupts his education, it disrupts his mental health, and it
often disrupts his entire family life.... Paternity, or additional offspring,
may force upon the man a distressful life and future. Psychological harm
and heartbreak may result. Mental and physical health may be taxed. There
is also the distress, for all concerned, associated with the unwanted child.
The continuing stigma of unwed fatherhood may be involved....
One
out of four U.S. children are born out of wedlock. While 1.6 million U.S.
women abort and decline parenthood each year, half a million men have their
"paternities established" in U.S. courts and preliminary data indicates
that about 33% of U.S. births may be unintended according to fathers. Men
have been treated as an under class without reproductive rights.... Denying
men reproductive rights is humiliating, oppressive, offensive to the basic
principles of human dignity....
In
a sense, the right to relinquish parental responsibilities is easier to
argue for than abortion rights, because it's not pitted against a potential
child's right to life.
We
aren't taking a position on abortion. We aren't advocating that men should
terminate their parental rights and responsibilities. Nor do we even advocate
that it's a good idea, or what circumstances it would be desirable under.
We don't argue that the man's right to terminate is absolute. What we do
advocate, is that the decision as to whether or not a particular man will
terminate his parental rights and responsibilities is a decision that can
be made by that man. "
3. Abortion
In
Western countries[1], I would guess that over 90 % of abortions are authorised
in order to avert some legally defined condition such as "serious damage
to the mental health" of the mother. The word "serious" is generally interpreted
somewhat loosely. What is clear is that cases of rape and physical health
problems of the mother or fetus are not a significant part of the overall
abortion statistics in western countries.
Abortion
is a very emotive issue, with strong arguments on both sides. At first
sight, it seems like an issue on its own -- virtually separate from the
overall debate between Feminism and Masculism. In fact, however, questions
of the rights of men and women (as well as the rights of fetuses) are very
much involved here too. And it is not only religious fundamentalists who
see serious problems with the Feminist agenda on abortion.
Thomson
(1980) is a tightly reasoned attack on the anti-abortionists' case. It
is highly refreshing to see something really intelligent that has been
written by a Feminist. However, her argument is not an entirely watertight,
because it depends on making certain dubious assumptions at crucial points
in the reasoning.
Thomson
analyses the anti-abortion argument into two components:
1) |
The
notion that a fetus must be a "person" from the very moment of conception
on -- because otherwise it is impossible to draw the line separating its
early existence as a "non-person" from its later existence as a "person".
This argument attempts to refute the traditional notion that a person's
life begins at birth.
|
2) |
The
notion that the fetus's right to life outweighs the mother's right to control
what goes on inside her body. The point here is that, in most cases, the
mother's actual existence is not threatened by anything that the fetus
may do -- whereas the reverse is not true.
|
Thomson
disagrees with both notions. She characterizes the first argument as an
instance of the "slippery slope" argument, and she pours scorn upon it
by comparing it with the argument that you cannot say when an acorn ceases
to be an acorn and starts to be an oak tree. Her point is that acorns are
not the same as oak trees, so there must be some sort of dividing-line
somewhere -- even though it may be hard to say where exactly it is.
However,
that is a false analogy, to my way of thinking. A "fetus" is contrasted
with an "infant" or "baby" -- and the dividing-line is purely and simply
the time of birth. This is a societal dividing-line, which marks
the time when human society traditionally got its first glimpse of the
person. Ultrasound scans are now blurring that dividing-line.
An
acorn looks very different from an oak tree, but a fetus does not look
very different from a newborn infant. There is nothing about the physical
nature of a fetus which is different from that of a newborn infant. Acorns
are certainly physically different from oak trees -- but "fetuses" and
"persons" are not such contrasting concepts in ordinary language. There
is no established linguistic tradition whereby a baby is a "person" and
a fetus is not a person.
Thomson
does not develop this argument, as she sees that is would be hard to draw
a line to mark the time that a fetus becomes a person. What she concentrates
on is the second argument -- the relationship between the rights of the
mother and the rights of the fetus.
Ingeniously,
she draws up the imaginary scenario of someone waking up back-to-back in
bed with a famous, unconscious violinist. This violinist needs that person's
kidneys to do the work that his malfunctioning kidneys cannot do, so his
circulatory system has been linked to the other person's -- against their
will -- for a period of time which could be nine months (or forever). There
is no one else available whose blood-type is suitable for this particular
role. So the donor was kidnapped, and made unconscious, while the linking
of the two bodies took place.
"His
right to life outweighs your right to control your own body," the doctor
tells the donor. Thomson assumes that most readers would agree that this
was an unacceptable state of affairs. If this is unacceptable, she reasons,
surely terminating a pregnancy that was the result of rape (a similarly
involuntary scenario to the one with the violinist) would have to be considered
acceptable and right.
If
abortion resulting from rape was acceptable, she continues, then that must
be because "persons have a right to life only if they didn't come into
existence because of rape; or ... all persons have a right to life, but
... some have less of a right to life than others, in particular, ... those
who came into existence because of rape have less."
There
is a logical flaw in her thinking here: The reason why aborting a fetus
resulting from rape seems more acceptable (to many people) than other cases
of abortion is not that some fetuses have a greater right to life
than others. The reason is that the mother's right to control her own body
has been violated to a degree which, combined with the fact that the fetus
might end up having an unhappy life because of being unwanted, outweighs
(in some people's minds) the right of the fetus to life.
Even
so, provided there is some definite time-limit (such as nine months), it
is possible to argue that both the fictional violinist and the rape-induced
fetus have a right to life that outweighs the temporary inconvenience to
the involuntary host(ess). Thomson writes as if it is quite common for
pregnancies to last an indefinite time -- whereas, as far as I know, this
is not at all true.
Imagine
that a stray cat turns up hungry and ill on your doorstep. Most people
in Western societies wouldn't take the attitude that they have absolutely
no responsibility for the welfare of this cat just because they did not
themselves deliberately cause this cat to become hungry and ill. They would
probably be inclined to look after it, at least in the short term. The
same applies to responding to appeals for donations to charity: The person
who gives the donation is usually not in the least responsible for the
plight of the people he/she is trying to help -- but that does not affect
any feeling of moral responsibility that that person may feel. If that
is the case for an animal, or a stranger in miserable circumstances in
a far-off land, then it should be so much more true for a famous violinist
or human fetus in one's own society.
Of
course, men do not get pregnant, so it is not a choice that men are directly
confronted with. However, the fact that only women ever have to make this
choice is not an argument in favour of allowing women to act immorally
! Men (particularly in wartime and potential rape scenarios) are often
in situations which virtually no women have ever experienced -- and no
one says that this fact excuses immoral behaviour.
Then
Thomson discusses cases where the mother's life would (in the opinion of
doctors) definitely end if she gave birth to the fetus/child -- including
cases where the woman was in this situation as a result of rape. Commentators
such as myself tend to take the point of view of "Society" with regard
to such situations. Thomson, on the other hand, puts herself in the woman's
shoes, as it were, and sees any attempt by such a woman to commit abortion
(or have abortion committed on her behalf) as a perfectly justifiable act
of self-preservation. Put into the right context, this can be seen for
the self-indulgent attitude that it really is.
Self-preservation
is all well and good, from an individual standpoint -- but Society takes
it upon itself to override the individual's right to self-preservation
in certain circumstances. For example, men (never women) are subject to
conscription for frontline duties according to the vagaries of national
and international politics. If I was conscripted in wartime, for example,
and ordered to participate in an attack which I thought was likely to end
in my death, I could not kill my superior officer(s) and expect a military
court to consider my goal of self-preservation to be a sufficient justification!
Or
imagine a man who has the misfortune to marry a "gold-digger" who is trying
to kill him off for his life-insurance and assets, by feeding him high-chloresterol
foods and subjecting him to the stress of constant nagging, malicious gossip,
and so on. Would a court accept that self-preservation would allow this
man to kill his wife and get off scot-free? I very much doubt it.
Haskell
and Yablonsky (1974) is an introductory textbook on Criminology which could
perhaps be characterised as being at the "popular" end of the academic
spectrum: It has a drawing of a revolver on the front cover, and the authors
acknowledge their indebtedness to sociologists, psychologists and even
to journalists, i.e. to the relatively "downmarket" sector of academia.
It
contains a section on the decriminalisation of abortion which illustrates
quite strikingly the dominance that Feminism has achieved over the intellectual
Establishment in Western countries. That book was written shortly after
the United States Supreme Court decision of 1973 on abortion. It ruled
that women had the right to abortion in the first six months of pregnancy,
and that in the first three months of pregnancy the decision as to whether
or not an abortion was to be committed was solely up to the woman and her
doctor.
Even
before then, however, only fifteen of the fifty states in the US actually
punished a woman who got a doctor to kill "her" fetus. Generally, only
the doctor got the rap. Compare this with the scenario of a contract-murder,
where I am confident that most states and countries have both the instigator
and the actual perpetrator as liable to be punished for the crime.
Nowadays,
interestingly, "medical reasons, rape and incest account for relatively
few abortions. Women seek abortions because they are reluctant to interrupt
career plans, they lack money, they fear losing personal freedom, or they
are doubtful about their relationship with the man involved." (Haskell
and Yablonsky 1974,366)
The
particularly striking section of Haskell and Yablonsky's discussion of
abortion, occurs in the following passage:
"As
a result of the Supreme Court decision, poor people who feel the need for
abortion can satisfy that need lawfully, cheaply, and with the use of professional
medical skill. Criminality will be reduced and needs fulfilled. Here we
have an example of what happens to a victimless (my emphasis) crime
when a law regulating morality is abolished. The real victim of abortion
laws was the poor woman who went for an illegal abortion. The law that
was intended to protect her had made her a victim." (ibid, 366)
Considering
that the book from which the quotation comes is an actual textbook for
Law students, the authors are remarkably one-eyed. How someone can get
themselves to call an event "victimless", when it results in the death
of someone who, in a few years' time, might themselves be reading this
textbook, is almost beyond comprehension!
Imagine
decriminalising contract-murders, and making them available to poor people
"lawfully, cheaply, and with the use of professional ... skill"! Imagine
how much criminality would be reduced and how many needs would then become
fulfilled!
In
fact, the authors are well aware that abortion is/was not a victimless
crime -- because in their next breath they go on to talk about who the
"real victim" is. Reading between the lines, it seems clear that they are
aware of the argument that the unborn child is the victim of the crime
of abortion -- but they are not fair-minded enough even to state this well-known
argument. They just allude to it indirectly by referring to the "real"
victim.
The
criminal law is all about regulating morality. Abortion is an area where
the power of one of the parties involved (women) has grown to such an extent
that the law has retreated from any attempt to regulate their morality.
The anti-abortion laws were never meant to protect women -- they were meant
to protect unborn children from women and doctors. With the growth of the
Animal Rights movement, we may be at, or about to reach a stage where endangered
species and laboratory animals have more rights than unborn human beings
have!
2002
Version
CHAPTER
11
THE
RIGHT OF CHOICE AND ABORTION
Introduction
Women
receive state subsidies to end someone's life (state-funded abortion),
but men get arrested for ending someone's life. When it comes to reproductive
rights, women have all the power; men and unborn children have none. If,
as they say, Feminists really believe in equality, then they must agree
that, to the extent possible given the complexity of the issues and the
ages of the parties involved, the power must be shared equally among all
3 parties.
This
chapter has three sections: Choice For Men, Choice for Men in Abortion,
and Abortion. Choice For Men takes over where Feminism leaves off, on the
assumption that Feminism has won the war on abortion. The sections on abortion
discuss the place of this topic in the context of the sex war as a whole.
Choice for Men
According
to the Position Paper on Men's Reproductive Choice:
One
out of four U.S. children are born out of wedlock. While 1.6 million U.S.
women abort and decline parenthood each year, half a million men have their
"paternities established" in U.S. courts and preliminary data indicates
that about 33% of U.S. births may be unintended according to fathers. Men
have been treated as an under class without reproductive rights.... Denying
men reproductive rights is humiliating, oppressive, offensive to the basic
principles of human dignity.... (www.rahul.net/c4m/c4m.html)
Men
are entitled to as much reproductive "choice" as women, and should be allowed
to terminate their paternal rights and responsibilities under essentially
the same conditions governing women's right to terminate their pregnancies.
Unplanned fatherhood can completely disrupt a man's life. It disrupts his
education and mental health indeed, his entire family life. Psychological
harm and heartbreak may result. His mental and physical health may suffer.
The unwanted child may also suffer distress. And the man involved may have
to carry a social stigma as a result of being an unmarried father.
Unlike
Feminists, advocates of choice for men seldom assert a man's right to terminate
is absolute. They just advocate that the decision as to whether a particular
man will terminate his parental rights and responsibilities is a decision
that should be made by that man in the same way a woman decides whether
she is going to have an abortion. This position is not without ethical
problems what is a child going to feel like when it grows up and finds
its own father disowned and rejected it? In the case of abortion, at least
the child is dead and does not know that it has been rejected and killed.
On the other hand, at least the child whose father has exercised his "choice"
is still alive!
Another
way that Choice for Men could be interpreted is to provide men with more
access to reproductive technology. I am not necessarily taking a stance
in favour of the use of reproductive technology, such as cloning, but if
women get access to it, then men should have access to it as well. According
to the Dominion newspaper of March 16 2001, an 84-year-old man in Australia,
Dr. Frank Hansford-Miller, has been trying to get someone to agree to clone
him. This is an issue which will need looking at from a Men's Rights perspective,
too.
Choice for Men in Abortion
The
pro-choice camp favors choice as long as it's for women, only. When it
comes to men, they use the same arguments that the pro life lobby does.
This demonstrates their hypocrisy.
They
say women must have choice as to what to do with their own fertility, but
men have no rights except to pay for the choices women make. If a woman
signs an abortion form, then she has robbed the father of his child whose
existence he may not even have been aware of. If she doesn't sign an abortion
form, then he is saddled with a child whom he has to bring up, or whose
upkeep he has to subsidise willy-nilly and he may have thought all along
she was infertile or protected by contraception.
Such
is the dominance women have over western society that their rights override
the rights of both unborn children and fathers. The Feminist slogan "her
body, her choice" is so widely accepted that anything inside her is hers
to do with as she likes. (The Feminists' insistence on this is so extreme
that they oppose laws that punish pregnant women who abuse drugs or alcohol.)
This ignores the fact that a fetus is only inside her body because a man
helped put it there. That man has rights over the fetus as well. After
all, there is no widely available alternative at present for a man who
wants to have his own natural children he has to persuade a woman to
bear it for him.
The
father may have strong views as to whether he wants the child to be born
or not, and they should be taken into account. After all, once the child
is born the father may well be obliged to rear it, make maintenance payments
to the mother in cases of separation or divorce, have some of his estate
go to it when he dies, and so on. Simply put, it is inequitable for the
mother to have the unilateral right to decide whether to thrust these duties
and liabilities on the father. To paraphrase Thomas (1993), would you let
someone spend your money to buy an expensive car of her choice, and then
let her take it away for her use alone?
There
is a parallel here with Roman family law. In Ancient Rome, the father was
Head of the Household, and had power of life and death over his slaves,
if any, and also over his other dependents, such as his children and his
wife. Today, this arrangement is widely viewed with moral outrage. But
the parallel with the mother's almost absolute power of life and death
over an unborn child in modern societies is very striking. O tempora! O
mores! (What times! What customs!)
Abortion
There
are at least two types of killing all western societies permit warfare
and abortion. Warfare is when people (mainly men) risk life and limb to
kill other people (mainly men) for the benefit of their entire society.
Abortion is when women risk very little to kill a defenceless person for
their own benefit. This clearly illustrates how modern western societies
revolve around the needs of women, even to the extent of decriminalising
murder.
Haskell
and Yablonsky's (1974) introductory textbook on Criminology contains a
section on the decriminalisation of abortion which clearly illustrates
the dominance Feminism has achieved over the intellectual establishment
in western countries. They wrote it shortly after the United States Supreme
Court decision of 1973 on abortion. It ruled that women had the right to
abortion in the first six months of pregnancy, and that in the first three
months of pregnancy the decision was solely up to the woman and her doctor.
Even
before then, however, only fifteen of the fifty states in the US actually
punished a woman who got a doctor to kill "her" fetus. Generally, only
the doctor got the rap. Compare this with the scenario of a contract-murder,
where most states and countries hold both the instigator and the actual
perpetrator accountable for the crime. How things have changed:
"(M)edical
reasons, rape and incest account for relatively few abortions. Women seek
abortions because they are reluctant to interrupt career plans, they lack
money, they fear losing personal freedom, or they are doubtful about their
relationship with the man involved." (Haskell and Yablonsky 1974, 366)
Here
we have an example of what happens to a victimless (my emphasis) crime
when a law regulating morality is abolished. The real victim of abortion
laws was the poor woman who went for an illegal abortion. The law that
was intended to protect her had made her a victim. (ibid, 366)
Considering
this is from a textbook for Law students, the authors are remarkably one-sided.
How someone can call an event "victimless" when it kills someone who, in
a few years' time, might themselves have read this textbook is almost beyond
comprehension! Imagine decriminalising contract-murder!
In
fact, the authors are well aware that abortion is not a victimless crime;
in their next breath they go on to talk about who the "real victim" is.
Reading between the lines, it seems clear they are just not fair-minded
enough to come right out and say the unborn child is a victim of the abortion,
but allude to it indirectly by referring to the "real" victim.
Ironically,
the only time Feminists actively oppose abortion and infanticide is when
it occurs in Third-World countries and the victims are largely female,
as in India or China! They decry abortions which follow ultrasound scans
of a mother's uterus in such countries, because the unborn children killed
under such circumstances are mainly female babies. In China, elderly people
traditionally lived with their eldest son. There is a one-child-per-couple
population-control policy in China which is rigidly enforced in the cities.
Parents feel they will have no one to support them in their old age if
their only child turns out to be female. So female fetuses detected by
ultrasound scans are frequently aborted or if the female child is carried
to term she is at high risk for infanticide. Feminists abhor this and,
under the banner of "eugenics" (evoking memories of Nazi programs) lobby
against it. But only where the victims are largely female -- clear evidence
of how sexist they are.
The
standard Feminist line is that abortion is not murder because the people
it kills are not people. This de-humanisation (objectification?) of children
is most developed in the case of unborn children, but western courts also
tend to act leniently toward mothers who commit infanticide, hence we may
witness the gradual extension of "abortion" to children who have already
been born: postpartum abortion?
It
is not only religious fundamentalists who see serious problems with the
Feminist agenda on abortion, though it sometimes seems only the religious
right is willing to actively oppose abortion. Some Libertarians, such as
Doris Gordon are completely opposed to abortion (www.concentric.net/~bwjass/lfl/ac&lp.htm).
Personally, my own objection stems from my abhorrence of murder in principle,
not any particular religious doctrine.
Female fragility?
In
New Zealand in 1998 (according to the Report of the Abortion Supervisory
Committee), 14,965 (i.e., 98.4%) of the 15,208 abortions carried out in
that year were authorised to avert "serious damage to the mental health"
of the mother. Who are they trying to fool? Is anyone seriously claiming
all these women (in New Zealand's small population of 3.6 million people)
would have suffered serious mental health problems without an abortion?
In an article to appear in the NZMERA Newsletter (http://www.geocities.com/peterzohrab/299enslt.html),
Paul Clarke suggests the New Zealand government should set up a public
inquiry into the mental health of pregnant women to clarify this serious
issue!
Are
New Zealand women really that fragile? Or are the Feminists, who run the
system, abusing the law, interpreting it as a licence to abort at will?
It is a fact in western countries that (male and female) Feminists predominate
in agencies which implement social and medical legislation, and they often
abuse their power and interpret the legislation under which they operate
as they see fit. And they must be interpreting the word "serious" very
loosely. Cases of rape and physical health problems of the mother or fetus
are not a significant part of the overall abortion statistics in western
countries. Most abortions are performed as nothing more than a post-coital
birth control technique. How serious is that? As serious as a woman's need
for sex? As serious as a man's?
This
raises the issue of the "morning-after" pill RU486, which produces a sort
of abortion. Anyone who is against abortion would have to be against the
use of this pill, too. According to a Boston Globe article archived at
the RU486 Files website (www.ru486.org/ru9.htm),
Feminists are divided over use of this pill. Some have denounced it as
a "dangerous and cumbersome medication that should not be permitted to
replace conventional surgical abortions in the United States or elsewhere."
This underscores the fact that abortion is indeed regarded by Feminists
as a contraceptive measure, and not as a mental health procedure!
Abortion
is a very emotional issue, with strong arguments on both sides. At first
blush it seems like an issue on its own virtually separate from the overall
debate between Feminism and Masculism. In fact, however, questions of the
rights of men and women (as well as the rights of unborn children) are
very much involved.
Do
many Feminists, deep down, feel very guilty about the abortion issue? Surely,
many of those women who have had an abortion themselves must. Could this
be why Feminists try so hard to make all men feel guilty about sex abuse,
rape and domestic violence? To divert attention away from their own sense
of guilt and shame? Someone could perhaps research the psychohistory of
Feminism, and look at abortion in this context.
Let's
examine some of the arguments involved. I will limit myself to one pro-abortionist's
arguments, because hers are among the most cogently argued. Thomson (1980)
is a tightly reasoned attack on the anti-abortionists' case. However, her
argument depends on making certain dubious assumptions. She analyses the
antiabortion argument into two components:
1. |
The
notion that a fetus must be a "person" from the very moment of conception
on because otherwise it is impossible to draw the line separating its
early existence as a "non-person" from its later existence as a "person."
This argument attempts to refute the traditional notion that a person's
life begins at birth.
|
2. |
The
notion that the fetus's right to life outweighs the mother's right to control
what goes on inside her body. The point here is that, in most cases, the
mother's actual existence is not threatened by anything that the fetus
may do whereas the reverse is not true.
|
Thomson
disagrees with both notions. She characterizes the first as an instance
of the "slippery slope", on which she pours scorn, by comparing it with
the argument that you cannot say when an acorn ceases to be an acorn and
starts to be an oak tree. Her point is that acorns are not the same as
oak trees, so there must be some sort of dividing line somewhere even though
it may be hard to say exactly where it is.
That,
however, is a false analogy. A fetus is contrasted with an infant or baby
and the dividing line is purely and simply the time of birth. This is a
social construct rather than a biological condition which marks the moment
when human society traditionally got its first glimpse of the person. Ultrasound
scans are now blurring that line.
An
acorn is and looks very different from an oak tree, but a fetus does not
look very different from a newborn and very early on shares many of the
same characteristics. Indeed, there is little about the physical nature
of a fetus that differs from that of a newborn. Acorns are certainly physically
different from oak trees, but fetuses and persons are not such contrasting
concepts in ordinary language.
Moreover,
there is no established linguistic tradition whereby a baby is a "person"
but a fetus is not.
Some
suggest one could say an acorn ceases to be an acorn once it sprouts and,
likewise, a zygote ceases to be a zygote (and starts to be a fetus) once
the cells begin to differentiate, head and neck, nose and toes, a beating
heart and hands to hold. This would get around the problem of trying to
draw a line between sperm and ova, and tissues such as fingernail-clippings
that might be used to clone a new human being, on the one hand, and a fetus,
on the other. I don't myself mark such a boundary between the zygote and
the fetus, though some people might see that as a defensible position to
take.
Regardless,
Thomson does not develop this argument, because she believes it would be
hard to mark the moment when a fetus becomes a person. My own view is that
a fingernail, sperm, or ovum will not spontaneously develop alone into
a human being, and so is clearly not a person. Of course, even a fertilised
egg needs an (artificial or natural) womb to develop into a human being,
but a fingernail, sperm or ovum needs more than that!
Moreover,
it is hard to state exactly when an acorn starts sprouting or a zygote
develops appendages, because these are gradual processes which don't care
about things like providing the sharp boundary we need for the purpose
of defining "murder."
So
what Thomson concentrates on is the second argument the relationship
between the rights of the mother and the rights of the fetus. Ingeniously,
she draws up the imaginary scenario of someone waking up back-to-back in
bed with a famous, unconscious violinist. This violinist needs that person's
kidneys to do the work his malfunctioning kidneys cannot do, so his circulatory
system has been linked to the other person's against their will for
a period of time which could be nine months (or forever). There is no one
else available whose blood-type is suitable for this particular role. So
the donor was kidnapped and rendered unconscious while doctors linked their
two bodies.
"His
right to life outweighs your right to control your own body," the doctor
tells the donor.
Thomson
assumes most readers would agree this was an unacceptable state of affairs.
If this is unacceptable, she reasons, surely terminating a pregnancy that
was the result of rape (a similarly involuntary scenario to the one with
the violinist) would have to be considered acceptable and right. And if
the pregnancy is involuntary, resulting from rape, Thomson asks, is an
abortion okay then? If so, why?
There
is a logical flaw in her reasoning: aborting a fetus resulting from rape
seems more acceptable (to many people) than other cases of abortion --
not because some fetuses have a greater right to life than others, but
that the mother's right to control her own body has been violated and a
heavy responsibility foisted upon her to a degree which outweighs (in some
people's minds) the right of the fetus to life. Of course, men do not get
pregnant, so it is not a choice men are directly confronted with. However,
the fact that only women ever have to make this choice is not an argument
in favour of allowing women to act immorally! Men (particularly in wartime
and potential rape scenarios) are often in situations which virtually no
women have ever experienced and no one says this fact excuses immoral
behaviour, such as war crimes.
Then
Thomson discusses cases where the mother's life would (in the opinion of
doctors) definitely end if she gave birth to the fetus/child including
cases where the woman was in this situation as a result of rape. I take
the view of "society" with regard to such situations. Thomson, on the other
hand, puts herself in the woman's shoes, as it were, and sees abortion
as a perfectly justifiable act of self-preservation.
Put
into the right context, this can be seen for the self-indulgent attitude
it really is. Self-preservation is all well and good, from an individual
standpoint but society takes it upon itself to override the individual's
right to self-preservation in certain circumstances. For example, men (never
women) are subject to conscription for front-line duties, according to
the vagaries of national and international politics. If men are subject
to conscription in the public interest, why not subject women to "conscription
by conception"?
Were
I conscripted in wartime and ordered to participate in an attack which
I felt certain would end in my death, I could not kill my superior officer(s)
and expect a military court to consider my goal of self-preservation to
be a sufficient justification!
Or
imagine a wealthy man who has the misfortune to marry a gold-digger who
is trying to kill him off by feeding him high-cholesterol foods and subjecting
him to the stress of constant nagging, malicious gossip, and so on. Would
a court allow this man to kill his wife as an act of self-preservation?
Not likely!
Abortion For Men
One
recent variation on the theme of choice for men is the notion of "abortion
for men," publicized at the website for the Rick Emerson Show (www.rickemerson.com/male_abortion.html):
The
Male Abortion...is a simple release form, which is read and signed by both
parties at any time before sexual intercourse...be it moments before, or
months in advance. The Male Abortion stipulates that the man wishes to
remain childless, and that should a pregnancy result from his sexual relation
with the female, he is freed from all parental liability and responsibility,
and that the decision to be a parent is his, and his alone.
Were
Feminists truly pro-choice, we would expect them to embrace this. Were
they truly pro-choice.
Conclusion
Criminal
law is all about regulating morality. Abortion is an area where the power
of one of the parties involved (women) has grown to such an extent that
the law has retreated from any attempt to regulate their morality. The
anti-abortion laws were meant to protect unborn children from women and
doctors. With the growth of the Animal Rights movement, we may be at, or
about to reach, a stage where endangered species and laboratory animals
will have more rights than unborn human beings! It is time to say, "Let's
protect the rights of men and unborn humans first, and worry about the
rights of animals second!"
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Last
Update: 28 December 2004
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©Peter Zohrab |